OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of blinatumomab for the treatment of pediatric and adult precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). DATA SOURCES: A literature search of EMBASE (1947 to April 2015), Medline (1946 to April 2015), PubMed (1996 to April 2015), the U.S. National Institutes of Health Clinicaltrials.gov, the Food and Drug Administration, and relevant meeting abstracts was conducted using the terms blinatumomab, BiTE, bispecific T-cell engager, MT103, MEDI-538, and Blincyto. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION: Human and animal studies describing the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of blinatumomab for precursor B-ALL were identified. DATA SYNTHESIS: Blinatumomab is a first-in-class bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody derived from a B-lineage specific antitumor mouse monoclonal antibody that binds to both CD19 of B-cells and CD3 of T-cells. A pivotal phase II trial demonstrated that response rates were high in a refractory or relapsed patient population, with 43% achieving complete remission (CR). Median relapse-free survival was 5.9 months for those with CR or CR with incomplete hematological recovery. Median overall survival was 6.1 months, and 60% of patients achieved minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity. The most common adverse events included pyrexia, neurological events, headache, febrile neutropenia, peripheral edema, nausea, hypokalemia, constipation, and anemia. CONCLUSIONS: Blinatumomab is a novel BiTE therapeutic monoclonal antibody that has shown promising results in patients with relapsed or refractory ALL or those achieving a CR with persistent MRD. Phase III clinical trials should define the optimal place in therapy of blinatumomab.

RECORD STATUS: This is a bibliographic record of a published health technology assessment from a member of INAHTA. No evaluation of the quality of this assessment has been made for the HTA database. CITATION: NIHR HSC. Blinatumomab for relapsed or refractory Philadelphia-negative B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Birmingham: NIHR Horizon Scanning Centre (NIHR HSC). Horizon Scanning Review. 2014

The investigator is testing the ability of a biologically active therapy in blinatumomab, an anti-CD19/CD3 bispecific T-cell engager, to further reduce residual leukemia immediately prior to HCT to improve post-HCT outcomes. This Phase 2 study will determine the effectiveness of delivering 1 to 2 cycles of blinatumomab (Days 1-28) as bridging therapy in children, adolescent and young adults with relapse or persistent MRD B-ALL. Eligible subjects will receive 1 or 2, 28-day cycles of blinatumomab prior to proceeding to HCT. Centralized MRD assessment will be performed after completion of the 28-days of blinatumomab using both flow cytometry (University of Washington, Brent Wood, MD) and High-Throughput Deep Sequencing (HTS) MRD technologies (Adaptive Technologies, Seattle, WA). Subjects who achieve flow cytometry negative MRD (\<0.01%) after a single cycle of blinatumomab can proceed directly to HCT whereas subjects who remain MRD positive by flow cytometry may receive a 2nd cycle of blinatumomab. Subjects who remain MRD positive by flow cytometry after a 2nd cycle of blinatumomab will come off study.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: I. To evaluate the 3-year survival rate in elderly patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia (Ph)-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with blinatumomab followed by POMP (prednisone, vincristine sulfate, methotrexate, and mercaptopurine) maintenance. II. To evaluate in a preliminary manner (feasibility study) the safety of dasatinib-steroid based induction followed by blinatumomab treatment in combination with dasatinib followed by dasatinib-based maintenance in patients with newly diagnosed Ph-positive ALL, relapsed/refractory Ph-positive ALL, and Ph-like dasatinib-sensitive mutations or kinase fusions (DSMKF) ALL (newly-diagnosed relapsed or refractory). SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: I. To evaluate toxicities in these patient populations treated with these regimens. II. To estimate the rates of complete response (CR), complete remission with incomplete count recovery (CRi) and disease-free survival in Ph-negative patients. III. To estimate disease-free and overall survival in Ph-positive ALL and Ph-like DSMKF ALL. IV. To estimate in each cohort the rate of minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity, and the time to achieve MRD negativity (exploratory analysis). V. To determine whether anti-idiotype antibodies directed against blinatumomab develop with blinatumomab treatment in this study. ADDITIONAL TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OBJECTIVES: I. To estimate the incidence of the Ph-like signature in elderly patients (\>= 65 years of age) with newly diagnosed Philadelphia-chromosome negative ALL. II. To estimate the incidence of the various tyrosine-kinase fusions, making up the Ph-like signature in elderly patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia-chromosome negative ALL. III. To evaluate outcomes (event free survival \[EFS\] and overall survival \[OS\]) in patients with the Ph-like signature versus those without the Ph-like signature in Ph-negative ALL. IV. To describe via single cell transcriptomics the clonal diversity in gene expression of participants on the trial. V. To describe the methylation status of the overall genome as well as key driver genes of all participants in the trial. OUTLINE: Patients are assigned to 1 of 2 treatment cohorts according to Philadelphia chromosome status. COHORT I (PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME NEGATIVE PATIENTS): INDUCTION: Patients receive blinatumomab intravenously (IV) continuously over 24 hours on days 1-28 in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients undergo an x-ray and echocardiography (ECHO) during screening and a computed tomography (CT) scan and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as blood sample collection and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy throughout the trial. Patients undergo a lumbar puncture during screening and on study. Patients may also undergo a biopsy during screening. (Closed to accrual 06/29/17) RE-INDUCTION: Patients not achieving CR or CRi after Induction, receive blinatumomab IV continuously over 24 hours on days 1-28 in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients undergo an x-ray and ECHO during screening and a CT scan and/or MRI as well as blood sample collection and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy throughout the trial. Patients undergo a lumbar puncture during screening and on study. Patients may also undergo a biopsy during screening. POST-REMISSION: Patients receive blinatumomab IV continuously over 24 hours on days 1-28. Treatment repeats every 42 days for 3 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients undergo a CT scan and/or MRI on study and during follow-up. Patients also undergo blood sample collection, lumbar puncture, and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy on study. MAINTENANCE: Patients receive prednisone orally (PO) on days 1-5, vincristine sulfate IV on day 1, mercaptopurine PO on days 1-28, and methotrexate PO on days 1, 8, 15, and 22. Treatment repeats every 28 days for 18 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients undergo a CT scan and/or MRI on study and during follow-up. Patients also undergo a lumbar puncture and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy on study. COHORT II (PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME POSITIVE PATIENTS): INDUCTION: Patients receive dasatinib PO on days 1-84 and prednisone PO on days 1-24 with tapering on days 25-32 in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients undergo an x-ray and ECHO during screening and a CT scan and/or MRI throughout the trial. Patients undergo a lumbar puncture and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy during screening and on study. Patients may also undergo a biopsy during screening. RE-INDUCTION: Patients receive blinatumomab IV continuously over 24 hours on days 1-28. Treatment repeats every 42 days for 2 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients undergo a CT scan and/or MRI on study and during follow-up. Patients also undergo blood sample collection, a lumbar puncture, and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy on study. POST-REMISSION: Patients receive blinatumomab IV continuously over 24 hours on days 1-28 and dasatinib PO on days 1-42. Treatment repeats every 42 days for 3 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients undergo a CT scan and/or MRI on study and during follow-up. Patients also undergo blood sample collection, lumbar puncture, and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy on study. MAINTENANCE: Patients receive dasatinib PO on days 1-28. Cycles repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients also receive prednisone PO on days 1-5. Treatment repeats every 28 days for 18 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients undergo a CT scan and/or MRI as well as a lumbar puncture and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy on study. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 3 months for 2 years, every 6 months for 2 years, and then annually until 10 years from initial registration.

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Blinatumomab (Blincyto) was effective in inducing a complete remission in 33% of patients with relapsed or refractory Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph-) B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Grade 3 or 4 adverse effects occur frequently.

Busulfan is an alkylating agent used in pre-transplant conditioning for patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Several factors contribute to variations in busulfan drug disposition including bioavailability, age, liver function, genetic polymorphisms, and concurrent administration of other drugs. Busulfan is metabolized by hepatic oxidation via the cytochrome P450 3A4 system as well as through conjugation with glutathione. Interactions with drugs such as phenytoin, itraconazole, and metronidazole have been reported to alter busulfan clearance and result in sub- or supra-therapeutic concentrations. We report a case of a clinically significant drug interaction between intravenous busulfan and the bifunctional T-cell engager, blinatumomab, observed through busulfan therapeutic drug monitoring. We found that busulfan clearance was reduced resulting in a higher area under the concentration-time curve when it was administered 48 h after blinatumomab. Repeat busulfan pharmacokinetic testing two weeks later demonstrated increased clearance of the drug and a 31% higher dose recommendation. Similar to other protein therapeutics, cytokine elevations during blinatumomab treatment can lead to cytochrome 3A4 suppression. We hypothesize that the increased busulfan levels observed could be related to a cytokine-mediated CYP3A4 suppression. This represents a unique pharmacologic consideration in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation which would impact several drugs that undergo CYP3A4 metabolism, including calcineurin inhibitors, cyclophosphamide, sirolimus, and triazole antifungals. Additionally, this mechanism of CYP3A4 suppression may be relevant in treatments and disease states where cytokine levels are elevated such as haploidentical stem cell transplantation, graft-versus-host disease, and use of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: I. To compare rate of minimal residual disease (MRD) negative second remission (Rem-2) after up to two cycles of reinduction with blinatumomab versus (vs.) blinatumomab/nivolumab in Group 1 patients aged \>= 1 to \< 31 years old with first relapse of CD19+ B-ALL. II. To compare event-free survival (EFS) PI (EFS post-induction) between consolidation with blinatumomab vs. blinatumomab/nivolumab in Group 3 patients aged \>= 1 to \< 31 years old with first relapse of CD19+ B ALL. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: I. To evaluate the safety and tolerability of blinatumomab/nivolumab in patients aged \>= 1 to \< 31 years old with first relapse of CD19+ B ALL. II. To compare EFS PI between blinatumomab vs. blinatumomab/nivolumab in Group 2 patients aged \>= 1 to \< 31 years old with first relapse of CD19+ B ALL. EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES: I. In Group 1 patients, compare EFS between blinatumomab monotherapy and blinatumomab/nivolumab arms as compared to similar patients treated on the predecessor trial AALL1331. II. In Group 1 patients, compare toxicity as defined by grade 3 or greater adverse events during the first cycle of blinatumomab or blinatumomab/nivolumab to similar patients treated with block 1 of cytotoxic chemotherapy on the predecessor trial AALL1331. III. In Group 2 patients with MRD \>= 0.1% after vincristine sulfate, dexamethasone, pegylated asparaginase, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (VXLD), compare MRD negative second remission (Rem-2) rate after the first cycle of immunotherapy between blinatumomab monotherapy and blinatumomab/nivolumab arms. IV. In patients with Down syndrome (DS) with first relapse of B-ALL, describe the safety, tolerability and efficacy (as defined by MRD negative second remission, Rem-2) after up to two cycles of blinatumomab/nivolumab. V. With each Group, perform subset analyses of EFS and overall survival (OS) based on features including degree of marrow disease at relapse, age, sex, body mass index, cytogenetics, site(s) of relapse, percent peripheral blasts at relapse and absolute lymphocyte count at first relapse. OUTLINE: Patients \>= 18 years old with marrow +/- extramedullary (EM) relapse of any duration after initial diagnosis, or patients \< 18 years old with marrow +/- EM relapse \< 24 months after initial diagnosis are assigned to Group 1. Patients \< 18 years old with marrow +/- EM relapse \>= 24 months from initial diagnosis, or all isolated extramedullary (IEM) relapses \>= 1 to \< 31 years old are assigned to Groups 2-3 re-induction. Patients with DS are assigned to Arm G. NOTE: Patients in Group 1 and DS patients with white blood cells (WBC) \>= 30,000/uL, CNS 2/3 disease, or testicular disease must first receive 1 of 3 pre-immunotherapy treatments. PRE-IMMUNOTHERAPY TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH WBC \>= 30,000/uL: Patients receive methotrexate (MTX) intrathecally (IT) or cytarabine IT or intrathecal triple therapy (ITT) consisting of MTX, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, and cytarabine IT at the time of diagnostic lumbar puncture (LP) or on day 1 (if intrathecal therapy is given with relapse diagnostic LP \< 7 days prior to the start of protocol therapy). Patients also receive dexamethasone intravenously (IV) or orally (PO) twice daily (BID) on days 1-5, vincristine sulfate via infusion or IV IV push over 1 minute on day 1. Patients with DS also receive leucovorin calcium PO or IV every 6 hours (q6h) for 2 doses on day 2 or at 24 and 30 hours after each IT administration. Patients should proceed to the next cycle when CNS 1 and no testicular disease is present, no sooner than Day 8 and no later than Day 15. PRE-IMMUNOTHERAPY TREATMENT FOR CNS 2/3 DISEASE: Patients receive MTX IT or cytarabine IT twice weekly (Q2W) for 5-7 doses or Intrathecal Triple Therapy (ITT) IT Q2W for 3-4 doses until patient is CNS 1. Patients with DS also receive leucovorin calcium PO or IV q6h for 2 doses at 24 and 30 hours after each IT administration. Patients should proceed to the next cycle when CNS 1 and no testicular disease is present, no sooner than Day 15 and no later than Day 24. PRE-IMMUNOTHERAPY TREATMENT FOR TESTICULAR DISEASE: Patients receive MTX IT, cytarabine IT, or ITT IT on days 1 and 15 (day 1 may be omitted if intrathecal therapy is given with relapse diagnostic LP \< 7 days prior to the start of protocol therapy). Patients with DS also receive leucovorin calcium PO or IV q6h for 2 doses on days 2 and 16 or at 24 and 30 hours after each IT administration. Males with testicular disease at relapse undergo radiation once daily (QD) for a total of 12 fractions over 12 days. Patients should proceed to the next cycle when CNS 1 and no testicular disease is present, no sooner than Day 15 and no later than Day 22. GROUP 1: Patients are randomized to Arm A or Arm B. ARM A: Patients receive dexamethasone PO or IV on days 1 and 8 of cycle 1, blinatumomab via continuous IV infusion on days 1-28 of cycles 1-2, MTX IT, cytarabine IT, or ITT IT on days 1, 15, and 36 of cycle 1 (MTX, cytarabine, and ITT on day 1 may be omitted if intrathecal therapy was given \< 7 days prior to the start of this cycle), and MTX IT, cytarabine IT, or ITT IT on days 15 and 36 of cycle 2. Treatment repeats every 36 days for 2 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. NOTE: Patients with MRD \< 0.01% after cycle 1 may stop study treatment or may choose to continue to cycle 2. Patients with MRD \>= 0.01% after cycle 1 proceed to cycle 2. ARM B: Patients receive dexamethasone, blinatumomab, and MTX, cytarabine, or ITT as in Arm A. Patients also receive nivolumab IV over 30 minutes on days 11 and 25 of cycle 1 and days 1 and 15 of cycle 2. Treatment repeats every 36 days for 2 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. NOTE: Patients with MRD \< 0.01% after cycle 1 may stop study treatment or may choose to continue to cycle 2. Patients with MRD \>= 0.01% after cycle 1 proceed to cycle 2. GROUPS 2-3 REINDUCTION: Patients receive vincristine sulfate via infusion or IV push over 1 minute on days 1, 8, 15, and 22, dexamethasone PO or IV on days 1-14, doxorubicin hydrochloride IV over 1-15 minutes on day 1, MTX IT on days 1, 8, and 29 (day 1 IT may be omitted if intrathecal therapy is given with relapse diagnostic LP \< 7 days prior to the start of this cycle) (days 8 and 29 for CNS 1/2 patients at relapse only), pegaspargase intramuscularly (IM) or IV over 1-2 hours on days 2 and 16, cytarabine IT on days 4 and 11 (CNS 2 patients at relapse only), then Q2W until 3 consecutive samples are clear of blasts, and ITT IT on days 8, 15, 22, and 29 (CNS 3 patients at relapse only). Treatment continues in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. GROUP 2: The following patients are randomized to Arm C or Arm D: 1) \>= 1 to \< 31 years old, IEM relapse \< 18 months from diagnosis, regardless of MRD after Re-Induction. 2) \< 18 years old with marrow relapse \>= 24 to \< 36 months from diagnosis regardless of MRD after Re-Induction, 3) \>= 1 to \< 31 years old, IEM relapse \>= 18 months, and MRD \>= 0.1% after Re-Induction, 4) \< 18 years old with marrow relapse \>= 36 months, and MRD \>= 0.1% after Re-Induction. ARM C: Patients receive dexamethasone PO or IV on day 1 of cycle 1, blinatumomab via continuous IV infusion on days 1-28 of cycles 1 and 2, and MTX IT on days 1 and 15 of cycles 1 and 2 (day 1 may be omitted from cycle 1 if intrathecal MTX is given \< 7 days prior to the start of cycle 1 ). Treatment repeats every 36 days for 2 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. NOTE: Patients with MRD \< 0.01% after cycle 1 may stop study treatment or may choose to continue to cycle 2. Patients with MRD \>= 0.01% after cycle 1 proceed to cycle 2. ARM D: Patients receive dexamethasone, blinatumomab, and MTX as in Arm C. Patients also receive nivolumab IV over 30 minutes on days 11 and 25 of cycle 1 and days 1 and 15 of cycle 2. Treatment repeats every 36 days for 2 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. NOTE: Patients with MRD \< 0.01% after cycle 1 may stop study treatment or may choose to continue to cycle 2. Patients with MRD \>= 0.01% after cycle 1 proceed to cycle 2. GROUP 3: The following patients are randomized to Arm E or Arm F: 1) \>= 1 to \< 31 years old with IEM relapse \>= 18 months from diagnosis and MRD \< 0.1% after Re-Induction, 2) \< 18 years old with marrow relapse \>= 36 months from diagnosis and MRD \< 0.1% after Re-Induction. ARM E: IMMUNOTHERAPY CYCLES 1-2: Patients receive dexamethasone PO or IV on day 1 of cycle 1 only, blinatumomab IV via continuous infusion on days 1-28, and MTX IT on days 1 and 15 (day 1 may be omitted from cycle 1 if intrathecal therapy is given \< 7 days prior to the start of this cycle). Immunotherapy Cycles 1-2 alternate with Continuation Cycles 1-2. CONTINUATION CYCLES 1-2: Patients receive dexamethasone PO on days 1-5, vincristine sulfate IV push over 1 minute or via infusion on day 1, mercaptopurine PO on days 1-42, MTX PO on days 8, 15, 29, and 36, cyclophosphamide IV over 15-30 minutes on days 43 and 50, etoposide IV over 90-120 minutes on days 43 and 50, thioguanine PO once daily (QD) on days 43-49, and cytarabine IV over 1-30 minutes or subcutaneously (SC) on days 44-47 and 51-54. CNS 1/2 patients at relapse also receive MTX IT on days 1 and 43 and PO q6h for 4 doses on day 22, and leucovorin calcium PO q6h for 2 doses on day 24. CNS 3 patients at relapse also receive ITT IT on days 1 and 43, intermediate dose MTX IV over 36 hours on day 22, and leucovorin calcium IV or PO q6h on days 24 and 25. Treatment repeats every 8 weeks for 2 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. IMMUNOTHERAPY CYCLE 3: Patients receive blinatumomab IV via continuous infusion on days 1-28, and MTX IT on days 1 and 15. MAINTENANCE: Patients receive dexamethasone PO BID on days 1-5, 29-33, and 57-61, vincristine sulfate IV push over 1 minute or via infusion on days 1, 29, and 57, mercaptopurine PO on days 1-84, MTX IT on day 1 (CNS 1/2 patients at relapse only), ITT IT on day 1 (CNS 3 patients at relapse only), and MTX PO on days 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 57, 64, 71, and 78. Treatment repeats every 12 weeks for 2 years from the start of Re-Induction therapy in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. MAINTENANCE CHEMORADIATION (FOR CNS 3 PATIENTS ONLY): Beginning between the first and second cycles of maintenance therapy, patients receive dexamethasone PO BID on days 1-7 and 15-21, vincristine sulfate IV push over 1 minute or via infusion on days 1, 8, and 15, and pegaspargase IM or IV over 1-2 hours on day 1. Patients with CNS 3 and isolated CNS relapse undergo cranial radiation in the form of 3-dimensional (D)-conformal radiation therapy (CRT) over 5 days per week for a total of 10 treatments. ARM F: IMMUNOTHERAPY CYCLES 1-2: Patients receive dexamethasone PO or IV on day 1 of cycle 1 only, blinatumomab IV via continuous infusion on days 1-28, nivolumab IV over 30 minutes on days 11-25 of cycle 1 and on days 1 and 15 of cycles 2 and 3, and MTX IT on days 1 and 15 (day 1 may be omitted from cycle 1 if intrathecal therapy is given with \< 7 days prior to the start of this cycle). Immunotherapy Cycles 1-2 alternate with Continuation Cycles 1-2. CONTINUATION CYCLES 1-2: Patients receive dexamethasone PO on days 1-5, vincristine sulfate IV push over 1 minute or via infusion on day 1, mercaptopurine PO on days 1-42, MTX PO on days 8, 15, 29, and 36, cyclophosphamide IV over 15-30 minutes on days 43 and 50, etoposide IV over 90-120 minutes on days 43 and 50, thioguanine PO QD on days 43-49, and cytarabine IV over 1-30 minutes or SC on days 44-47 and 51-54. CNS 1/2 patients at relapse also receive MTX IT on days 1 and 43 and PO q6h for 4 doses on day 22, and leucovorin calcium PO q6h for 2 doses on day 24. CNS 3 patients at relapse also receive ITT IT on days 1 and 43, intermediate dose MTX IV over 36 hours on day 22, and leucovorin calcium IV or PO q6h on days 24 and 25. IMMUNOTHERAPY CYCLE 3: Patients receive blinatumomab IV via continuous infusion on days 1-28, nivolumab IV over 30 minutes on days 1 and 15 and MTX IT on days 1 and 15. MAINTENANCE: Patients receive dexamethasone PO BID on days 1-5, 29-33, and 57-61, vincristine sulfate IV push over 1 minute or via infusion on days 1, 29, and 57, mercaptopurine PO on days 1-84, MTX IT on day 1 (CNS 1/2 patients at relapse only), ITT IT on day 1 (CNS 3 patients at relapse only), and MTX PO on days 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 57, 64, 71, 78. Treatment repeats every 12 weeks for 2 years from the start of Re-Induction therapy in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. MAINTENANCE CHEMORADIATION (FOR CNS 3 PATIENTS): Beginning between the first and second cycles of maintenance therapy, patients receive dexamethasone PO BID on days 1-7 and 15-21, vincristine sulfate IV push over 1 minute or via infusion on days 1, 8, and 15, and pegaspargase IM or IV over 1-2 hours on day 1. Patients with CNS 3 and isolated CNS relapse undergo cranial radiation in the form of 3D-CRT over 5 days per week for a total of 10 treatments in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. ARM G (DS PATIENTS): Patients receive dexamethasone PO or IV on days 1 and 8 of cycle 1 only, blinatumomab IV via continuous infusion on days 1-28, nivolumab IV over 30 minutes on days 11 and 25 of cycle 1 and days 1 and 15 of cycle 2, and MTX IT, cytarabine IT, or ITT IT on days 1,15, and 36 of cycle 1 (MTX, cytarabine, and ITT on day 1 may be omitted if intrathecal therapy was given \< 7 days prior to the start this cycle 1), MTX IT, cytarabine IT, or ITT IT on days 15 and 36 of cycle 2, and leucovorin calcium IV or PO q6h for 2 doses on days 2, 16 and 37 of cycle 1 and q6h for 2 doses on days 16 and 37 of cycle 2. Patients with MRD \< 0.01% are eligible to come off protocol therapy to receive Consolidation therapy at the end of Cycle 1, or may choose to proceed to Arm G, Cycle 2. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 3 months for 1 year.

The goal of this observation study is to test in relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R ALL) patients undergoing allogeneic hemopoietic stem-cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The main question it aims to answer is: • Effect of post-transplant blinatumomab treatment on immune reconstitution after transplantation. Participants will undergo immune repertoire sequencing(IR-SEQ) before blinatumomab treatment, 6 months and 1 year after transplantation. Researchers will compare patients who don\'t receive blinatumomab treatment after transplantation to see if TCR or BCR expression differs.

Despite improvement in survival of newly diagnosed adult precursor B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (B-ALL), the results of relapsed/refractory disease are poor. Blinatumomab, a bispecific monoclonal antibody directed against CD19/CD3 show clinical activity against relapsed/refractory B-ALL and in minimal residual disease (MRD)-positive patients.We report our "real-world" experience with blinatumomab in patients with relapsed/refractory B-ALL.Twenty-one patients, at a median age 52 years with median disease duration of 10 months, were included. Indications for treatment were hematological relapse (n = 17), MRD positivity (n = 2), inability to continue intensive chemotherapy (n = 1), and bridging to a second alloSCT (n = 1). Blinatumomab was given as first salvage in 11 patients and after at least one prior salvage treatment in eight.Complete response (CR) was newly achieved in 47% and was maintained in 75% of patients with baseline CR. At a median follow-up of 12.4 months, 13 patients were alive, and 11 in CR. Median leukemia-free survival was 8.7 months, and median overall survival was 15.2 months. Median leukemia-free survival and overall survival were not reached in patients proceeding to alloSCT compared to 5.1 and 15.2 months, respectively, for patients who did not receive stem cell transplantation.Treatment was well tolerated with neurological events reported in two patients (10%) and GI events in three patients (14%). Cytokine storm was reported in four patients (19%).In conclusion, treatment with blinatumomab is effective and tolerable in adult patients with relapsed/refractory B-ALL outside of a clinical trial stetting.