Coupling of Coastal Activity with Tidal Cycles is Stronger in Tool-using Capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator)

Terrestrial mammals exploiting coastal resources must cope with the challenge that resource availability and accessibility fluctuate with tidal cycles. Tool use can improve foraging efficiency and provide access to structurally protected resources that are otherwise unavailable (e.g., mollusks and fruits). To understand how variable accessibility of valuable resources shapes behavioral patterns, and whether tool use aids in the efficient exploitation of intertidal resources, we compared the relationship between tidal cycles and activity patterns of tool-using vs. non-tool-using groups of white-faced capuchin monkeys on Jicaron Island in Coiba National Park, Panama. Although only a single group of capuchins on Jicaron uses tools, all coastal groups forage on intertidal resources. Using data from >3 years of camera trapping at varying distances from the coast, we found that capuchins on Jicaron showed increased coastal activity during specific parts of the tidal cycle, and that this relationship differed between tool-using and non-tool-using groups, as well as between seasons. Activity patterns of tool-using capuchins were more strongly and consistently tied to tidal cycles compared to non-tool-users, indicating that tool use might allow for more efficient exploitation of tidal resources. Our findings highlight the potential of tool use to aid niche expansion.