Pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin in adult patients: a scoping review.

AIM: To map the literature on oral ciprofloxacin's pharmacokinetics and its implications for dose adjustments in specific populations. METHODS: A scoping review was performed according to the Cochrane Collaboration and JBI and reported following the PRISMA-ScR. Systematic searches on electronic databases were conducted to integrate the current evidence on ciprofloxacin's pharmacokinetics. The quality of the included studies was assessed using ClinPK's checklist. RESULTS: The search yielded 55 relevant studies. Within the traditional pharmacokinetics studies (n=46), 86 profiles were examined (72 involving healthy patients and 14 with various clinical conditions). Oral ciprofloxacin's pharmacokinetics were influenced by covariates such as drug interactions (ferrous ions, calcium carbonate, diclofenac, and itraconazole), food interactions (calcium-rich foods), elderly populations, and renal impairment. Notably, variability in pharmacokinetic parameters existed among subjects, regardless of their health status, underscoring the need for comprehensive population descriptions. Populational pharmacokinetics studies (n=9) identified significant covariates for hospitalized patients, such as creatinine clearance, plasma bicarbonate, estimated glomerular filtration rate, renal replacement therapy, age, sex, total bilirubin, fat-free mass, dietary factors in renal disease, rifampicin for Cl models, and body weight for Vd models. Most pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics assessments concluded that 1200 mg/day provides a high Probability of Target Attainment for bacteria with MIC less than 0.5 mg. L-1 , aiming for an AUC0-24 /MIC > 125 h. CONCLUSION: This study offers a comprehensive overview regarding oral ciprofloxacin's pharmacokinetics across various health conditions. It highlights the complexities of ciprofloxacin's pharmacokinetics, emphasizing the importance of considering multiple factors in dose adjustments.