Oxybuprocaine for apraxia of lid opening in Parkinson's disease

INTERVENTION: Arm 1 intervention consisted of 4%oxybuprocaine eye drop treatment, washout for 24 hours or more, and a saline eye drop treatment Arm 2 intervention consisted of saline eye drop treatment, a washout period, and an oxybuprocaine treatment CONDITION: apraxia of lid opening in Parkinson's disease PRIMARY OUTCOME: The change of "complete opening time (COT) after 10‐second eye closure" (at 13 minutes after eye drops from baseline) SECONDARY OUTCOME: The percentage change of COT from baseline INCLUSION CRITERIA: PD patients with ALO. The ALO criteria were the following: 1) transitory inability to initiate lid opening; 2) no findings of ongoing orbicularis oculi contractions, such as lowering of the brows beneath the superior orbital margins; 3) vigorous frontalis contraction during the period of inability to raise eyelids; and 4) no ocular motor or ocular sympathetic nerve dysfunction or ocular myopathy.