Drinking soft drinks fast or slow, which one is better?

INTERVENTION: Thirty healthy, nonobese participants without any systemic disease and receiving no medications and alcohol are included in this study. Each subject is given a total of 500 ml of 100% pure, commercially available apple juice to consume during the intervention. The participants are randomly allocated to either group 1 or group 2. The study used 100% apple juice as the fructose source since it has a higher fructose‐to‐glucose ratio and has no antioxidant effect. Each participant drinks the same apple juice. The participants in group 1 are instructed to drink 125 ml every 15 min under direct supervision four times until a total of 500 ml is consumed. The participants in group 2 are instructed to drink 500 ml of apple juice within 5 min under direct supervision. No other eating or drinking is allowed during the 2 h study period for both groups. The subjects do not perform any physical activity during the study period. Blood samples are collected for laboratory analysis at baseline and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after apple juice consumption initiation CONDITION: Determination of the metabolic response to fructose after fast versus slow ingestion of 100% fruit juice ; Nutritional, Metabolic, Endocrine PRIMARY OUTCOME: ; 1. Serum glucose measured using a Roche Cobas 6000 analyzer (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) at baseline, and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after drinking apple juice; 2. Insulin measured using a Roche Cobas 6000 analyzer (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) at baseline, and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after drinking apple juice; 3. FGF‐21 measured using sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using commercial kits (Cloud‐Clone Corp., Wuhan, China) at baseline, and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after drinking apple juice. Sera is separated in aliquots and is frozen rapidly at ‐80 °C for the measurements.; 4. Copeptin measured using sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using commercial kits (Cloud‐Clone Corp., Wuhan, China) at baseline, and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after drinking apple juice. Sera is separated in aliquots and is frozen rapidly at ‐80 °C for the measurements.; 5. Osmolarity measured using the freezing‐point Osmometer K‐7400S (Knauer, Berlin, Germany) at baseline, and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after drinking apple juice; 6. Sodium measured using a Roche Cobas 6000 analyzer (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) at baseline, and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after drinking apple juice; 7. BUN measured using a Roche Cobas 6000 analyzer (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) at baseline, and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after drinking apple juice; 8. Lactic acid measured using a Roche Cobas 6000 analyzer (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) at baseline, and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after drinking apple juice; 9. Uric acid measured using a Roche Cobas 6000 analyzer (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) at baseline, and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after drinking apple juice; 10. Phosphate measured using a Roche Cobas 6000 analyzer (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) at baseline, and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after drinking apple juice; SECONDARY OUTCOME: HOMA‐IR measured using the following formula: HOMA‐IR ?= ?(plasma glucose? ×? plasma insulin/405), where glucose is in mass units (mg/dL), measured using a Roche Cobas 6000 analyzer (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) and calculated for baseline, and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after drinking apple juice INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Healthy, nonobese participants 2. No systemic diseases 3. Not taking medications or alcohol