Development and evaluation of school-based back education programs for primary and secondary schools

INTERVENTION: Group 1: Students participate in a four‐week school‐based back education program. The program includes one physical education session and one theoretical lesson per week. In addition, students receive daily exercise cards with specific exercises to strengthen the abdominal and trunk muscles. Group 2: Students continue their regular school curriculum for four weeks without any additional back training program. CONDITION: Back pain and postural abnormalities in children and adolescents, including associated functional limitations. PRIMARY OUTCOME: The primary outcome measures are the change in trunk muscle endurance and, as a co‐primary outcome, the change in back‐related knowledge.; Trunk muscle endurance is assessed using standardized motor performance tests (forearm support/plank test, side plank on the right and left sides, and the Mathias test). The maximum holding time for each test is 120 seconds.; Both the increase in knowledge and any potential improvement in trunk muscle endurance are evaluated after four weeks.; Data are collected through questionnaires (knowledge test, medical history questionnaire, and physical activity questionnaire) as well as through a physical examination conducted at the beginning and at the end of the program. SECONDARY OUTCOME: The secondary outcome measures are changes in postural parameters, changes in spinal mobility, and changes in health‐related physical activity behavior. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Students in the 3rd grade at Neustadt an der Donau Primary School and the 5th grade at Anton‐Balster Secondary School in Neustadt an der Donau