Impact of cold waves on diabetes-related morbidity and mortality: a meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION: Extreme weather events, such as cold waves, pose health risks to individuals with diabetes mellitus. While heat-related health impacts are well-documented, the effects of cold waves remain underexplored. We aimed to review and quantify the health risks associated with cold wave exposure among patients with diabetes. METHODS: A meta-analysis, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, was conducted by searching PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases from inception up to August 2023. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria for assessing diabetes-related morbidity and mortality risks associated with cold wave exposure. A random-effects model was used to account for heterogeneity. RESULTS: The meta-analysis revealed a 40% increase in diabetes-related mortality risk (relative risk: 1.40, 95% confidence interval: 1.25-1.58) and a slightly elevated morbidity risk (relative risk: 1.27, 95% confidence interval: 0.99-1.63) during cold waves. Risk variation across studies suggests the influence of environmental and healthcare disparities. CONCLUSION: Cold wave exposure significantly increases diabetes-related health risks, highlighting the need for enhanced public health strategies. Further research is needed to address the gaps in understanding cold wave morbidity impacts and related socioeconomic factors.