Increasing serum levels of vitamin A, D and E are associated with alterations of different inflammation markers in patients with multiple sclerosis

To explore the relationships between vitamin A, D and E and inflammation in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, we assessed their associations with 11 inflammation markers in 9 serial serum samples from 85 patients, before and during interferon‐β1a treatment. A negative association was found between vitamin A and pentraxin 3 independent of interferon‐β1a use, whereas positive associations between vitamin D and interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist and secreted frizzled‐related protein 3 were seen before, and between vitamin E and chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 16 during interferon‐β1a treatment. These findings suggest associations with diverse inflammatory pathways, which may be differentially influenced by interferon‐β1a treatment.