Liposome-Encapsulated Curcumin-Loaded 3D Printed Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering.

Curcumin, the active constituent for turmeric, is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and osteogenic activities. However, it shows extremely poor bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and rapid systemic elimination. In this study, we have increased the bioavailability of curcumin by encapsulating it in a liposome, followed by the incorporation onto 3D printed (3DP) calcium phosphate (CaP) scaffolds with designed porosity. 3DP scaffolds with a designed shape and interconnected porosity allow for the fabrication of patient-specific implants, providing new tissue ingrowth by mechanical interlocking between the surrounding host tissue and the scaffold. Upon successful encapsulation of curcumin into the liposomes, we have investigated the effect of liposomal curcumin released from the 3DP scaffolds on both human fetal osteoblast cells (hFOB) and human osteosarcoma (MG-63) cells. Interestingly, liposomal curcumin released from the 3DP scaffold showed significant cytotoxicity toward in vitro osteosarcoma (bone cancer) cells, whereas it promoted osteoblast (healthy bone cell) cell viability and proliferation. These results reveal a novel approach toward the fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds, which couples the advanced additive manufacturing technology with the wisdom of alternative medicine. These bifunctional scaffolds eradicate the osteosarcoma cells and also promote osteoblast proliferation, offering new opportunities to treat bone defects after tumor resection.