Hookah Smoking, Carbon Monoxide, and Coronary Endothelial Function

Hookah (water pipe) smoking is a new global epidemic. The World Health Organization wants to prohibit all claims that hookah is less harmful than cigarettes and wants hookah products to bear the same warning labels as cigarettes. But there is little scientific evidence to substantiate this proposal. Cigarettes, cigars, medicinal nicotine, and e-cigarettes all acutely impair brachial artery endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation, FMD). Also, cigarettes cause both acute and chronic impairment in coronary endothelial function, but the comparative effects of hookah are unknown. Hookah tobacco is heated with burning charcoal. So, the smoke contains \"tar\" and nicotine plus charcoal combustion products. These include carbon monoxide (CO) and proatherogenic oxidants (especially carbon-rich nanoparticles) that the study team expected to impair endothelial function.