The Effect of Combined Ephedrine and Lidocaine Pretreatment on pain and hemodynamic changes due to propofol injection

INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly allocated to one of 5 groups (33 patients per group): lidocaine 0.5 mg/kg(L) ,ephedrine 30micrograms/kg (E30)ephedrine 70micrograms/kg(E70),lidocaine0.5mg/kg ‐ephedrine30 micrograms/kg(LE) or 2ml saline (S)intravenously.participants in each group receive a single dose of the intervention treatment only.After one minute propofol 2 mg/kg into a dorsal hand vein was injected. CONDITION: hemodynamic changes due to propofol injection pain due to propofol injection PRIMARY OUTCOME: pain during propofol injection is assessd by face pain scale(FPS) and verbal rating scale(VRS) SECONDARY OUTCOME: heart rate is assessed by echocardiogram monitoring mean arterial blood pressure is assessed by nonivasive automatic blood pressure measurement INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA) physical status I and II, undergoing elective surgery performed under general anesthesia