Effects of Tualang honey on oxidative stress status, inflammation and lipid profiles in chronic smokers

INTERVENTION: Tualang honey supplementation 20 g daily orally for 12 weeks. Honey is in liquid form packed in a sachet (20 g per sachet). Honey must be taken alone before meal in the morning. Participants are required to return the empty sachet to ensure or monitor compliance. CONDITION: Chronic smokers PRIMARY OUTCOME: inflammation by plasma assays for TNF‐alpha, IL‐6 and hsCRP. lipid profiles by serum assays for total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride (TG). oxidatives stress status by plasma assays for F2‐isoprostanes and total antioxidant status and erythrocyte assays for superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase enzymes. SECONDARY OUTCOME: none INCLUSION CRITERIA: For Non‐smoker group ‐ no history of smoking ‐ no history of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke For smoker group ‐ smoke at least 10 cigarettes/day for more than 5 years or 2.5 pack‐years