Warm-Up Music Tempo and Time-of-Day Effects on Anaerobic Performance in Young Female Volleyball Players

This study examined whether listening to music of different tempo during warm-up is associated with differences in acute jump performance, perceived exertion and handgrip strength in young female volleyball players, and whether these responses differ between morning and evening testing. Thirteen healthy female volleyball players aged 10 to 14 years completed eight sessions. Each player performed a standardized 10-minute warm-up under four conditions: no music, music labelled 60 to 80 beats per minute, music labelled 90 to 110 beats per minute, and music labelled 120 to 140 beats per minute. Each condition was tested once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00). The primary outcome was countermovement jump height. Secondary outcomes were jump-derived peak power, relative peak power, single-hand handgrip strength and rating of perceived exertion. Chronotype, subjective wellness, sleep quality and mood were assessed at baseline. Allocation was not randomized and the order of conditions was not documented at participant level, so the comparisons are descriptive and exploratory rather than causal.