Mobile Behavioral Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention in Rakai, Uganda

Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention (EMAI) is an emerging technique for gathering richer and more relevant data through repeated, longitudinal sampling of participants in their natural setting in order to deliver real-time interventions. The main study objective is to conduct a pilot EMAI study in Rakai, Uganda. Secondary objectives are to assess processes, facilitators, and barriers to EMAI. The study will compare behaviors between participants randomized to receive intervention messages and those not receiving messages. To assess EMAI validity and relevance, EMAI-collected behavioral data will be compared with traditional questionnaire-collected data. After recruitment, participants will be given a smartphone with an application that will collect geospatial coordinates and ask behavioral assessment questions on topics including diet/alcohol, smoking, and sexual behaviors. Participants will have training on the phone and application, demonstrating proficiency with the EMAI interface prior to study start. Days 1-30, Baseline Behaviors: Participants will complete assessment questions to establish baseline behaviors. This will include twice-daily and weekly behavioral report prompts and participant-initiated event-contingent behavioral reports. After the initial 30 day period, participants will return to the study office to complete a short questionnaire and to be randomized to the second phase of follow-up. Days 31-90, Randomized Evaluation: Participants will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either continue assessment questions only (control arm) or to also begin receiving intervention messages (intervention arm) in response to reported behaviors. Messages will encourage positive behaviors and suggest alternatives to negative behaviors (e.g. \"Eating a mixed diet (meats and vegetables) is a healthy way to go.\"). At 90 days of follow-up, participants will return to the study office to complete a brief questionnaire on behaviors and smartphone experiences. Study hypotheses are as follows: EMAI can be successfully implemented in Uganda, and participants receiving intervention messaging will have improved self-reported health behaviors compared to controls; EMAI will be feasible and acceptable by this population; and, EMAI-collected data will correlate with traditional questionnaire-collected data. Outcomes will be assessed using descriptive statistics, multivariate regression and analysis of themes in patient EMAI experience and acceptability.