Effects of Subclassified Vestibular Rehabilitation Protocols on Vestibular Function and Dizziness

INTERVENTION: Behavioral : GSE Group Exercise Program Basic level: Exercises performed in a seated position Seated head nods without gaze fixation Seated head turns without gaze fixation Head tilts with eyes open Head tilts with eyes closed Seated gaze stabilization with head nods Seated gaze stabilization with head turns Seated gaze stabilization with diagonal head movements Seated VOR cancellation with head nods Seated VOR cancellation with head turns Seated VOR cancellation with diagonal head movements Advanced level: Exercises performed in a standing position Standing gaze stabilization with head nods Standing gaze stabilization with head turns Standing gaze stabilization with diagonal head movements Standing VOR cancellation with head nods Standing VOR cancellation with head turns Standing VOR cancellation with diagonal head movements Near‐target gaze shifting with head turns Near‐target gaze shifting with head nods Gaze shifting between near and far targets Pencil push‐up exercise VOR cancellation with opposite‐direction head and target movements PSE Group Exercise Program Basic level Feet‐together stance with eyes open Single‐leg stance with eyes open Tandem stance with eyes open Diagonal head movements Side lunges Feet‐together stance with eyes closed Single‐leg stance with eyes closed Tandem stance with eyes closed 360‐degree turns Advanced level Feet‐together stance on a soft surface with eyes open Single‐leg stance on a soft surface with eyes open Tandem stance on a soft surface with eyes open Feet‐together stance on foam with eyes closed Single‐leg stance on foam with eyes closed Tandem stance on foam with eyes closed Heel‐to‐toe raises Combination Group Exercise Program Basic level Walking with head turns Walking with head nods Walking with diagonal head movements Walking with gaze stabilization during head turns Walking with VOR cancellation during head turns Gaze stabilization with head turns in a feet‐together stance Gaze stabilization with head nods in a feet‐together stance VOR cancellation during single‐leg stance Head tilts with eyes open in a feet‐together stance Head tilts with eyes closed in a feet‐together stance Advanced level Near‐target gaze shifting with head turns during tandem stance Near‐target gaze shifting with head nods during tandem stance Walking with gaze stabilization during head nods Walking with VOR cancellation during head nods Walking with gaze stabilization during diagonal head movements Walking with VOR cancellation during diagonal head movements Side‐stepping with head turns Backward walking with head turns CONDITION: Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, NEC PRIMARY OUTCOME: average speed delta X, delta Y ellipse surface fNIRS oxyhemoglobin (HbO) concentration changes in SPL, SMG, AG, STG, MTG sway length SECONDARY OUTCOME: Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) Vertigo Symptom Scale–short form (VSS‐sf) INCLUSION CRITERIA: Individuals without neurological or musculoskeletal disorders that may affect gait or balance ability. Individuals who are able to perform activities of daily living independently. Individuals without a history of visual or cognitive impairment. Individuals who currently experience dizziness or have a history of a vestibular disorder diagnosis.