C Difficile Near-patient Diagnostics

The investigators will conduct a two-period, two-intervention, cluster randomized crossover (CRXO) designed study at Foothills Hospital in Calgary, Alberta. Each cluster (hospital ward) will receive each of the two interventions in a separate approximately 6-month period of time leading to two \"cluster-periods\" with associated \"wash-in\" and \"wash-out\" periods attached. The two interventions are: 1) a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) using near-patient testing (NPT) for C. difficile infections (CDI); 2) testing for CDI using centralized testing facilities (standard operating procedure, 2 step algorithm). The investigators hypothesize that NPT for CDI will result in reduced patient isolation days in the hospital, decreased morbidity and mortality, reduced unnecessary antibiotic use and overall reduced costs to the health care system, including both hospital and laboratory. Our primary endpoint is to examine the differential effect of NPT on the duration of contact precautions (i.e. patient isolation days). Secondary outcomes will compare turn-around times from specimen submission to result, days of hospitalization, the number of days of antibiotic therapy, the incidence of CDI, severe CDI, and in-hospital mortality. A comprehensive economic evaluation will be performed to determine the cost of testing, patient isolation, and hospitalization for all patients in the control and treatment arms.