Music in the Emergency Department (ED)

This will be a randomized controlled study evaluating the effect of a music-listening intervention compared to standard care (control) during patient visit to the emergency department (ED). Randomization will be done with consecutive sealed envelopes. Data collection will be prospective with administration of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory and collection of physiologic parameters (pain level, heart rate, blood pressure). Retrospective data will also be collected for covariate analysis (age, race/ethnicity, emergency severity index (ESI), pain medications administered during the ED visit, pain scores throughout ED visit, chief complaint, and ED discharge diagnosis).