Effects of Tai Chi and Combined Resistance Training with Elastic Bands on Functional Mobility in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Sarcopenia: a 12-Week Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial

INTERVENTION: Tai Chi Group:Tai Chi;Tai Chi + Elastic Band Resistance Training Group:Tai Chi + Resistance Training;Control group:Health Education; CONDITION: Sarcopenia PRIMARY OUTCOME: Timed Up and Go test; SECONDARY OUTCOME: Short Physical Performance Battery total score;30‐Second Sit‐to‐Stand Test;handgrip strength;appendicular skeletal muscle mass index;Falls Efficacy Scale International score;4m usual gait speed; INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Aged >= 50 years; 2. Meeting the AWGS 2025 diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia, defined as the presence of both low muscle strength and low muscle mass. Low muscle strength will be determined by handgrip strength, with cut‐off values of < 34.0 kg for men and < 20.0 kg for women aged 50–64 years, and < 28.0 kg for men and <18.0 kg for women aged =65 years. Low muscle mass will be determined by appendicular skeletal muscle mass inde X(ASMI) measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis, with cut‐off values of <7.6 kg/m² for men and < 5.7 kg/m² for women aged 50–64 years, and <7.0 kg/m² for men and < 5.7 kg/m² for women aged =65 years; 3. Able to walk independently without the use of walking aids, and able to complete the TUG, SPPB, and training‐related movements; 4. Able to understand the study purpose and procedures, voluntarily participate in the study, and provide written informed consent; 5. No participation in structured regular exercise training