Supporting self-regulation in simulation-based education: a randomized experiment of practice schedules and goals

Self-regulated learning is optimized when instructional supports are provided. We evaluated three supports for self-regulated simulation-based training: practice schedules, normative comparisons, and learning goals. Participants practiced 5 endoscopy tasks on a physical simulator, then completed 4 repetitions on a virtual reality simulator. Study A compared two practice schedules: sequential (master each task in assigned order) versus unstructured (trainee-defined). Study B compared normative comparisons framed as success (10% of trainees were successful) versus failure (90% of trainees were unsuccessful). Study C compared a time-only goal (go 1min faster) versus time+quality goal (go 1min faster with better visualization and scope manipulation). Participants (18 surgery interns, 17 research fellows, 5 medical/college students) were randomly assigned to groups. In Study A, the sequential group had higher task completion (10/19 vs. 1/21; P<.001), longer persistence attempting an ultimately incomplete task (20.0 vs. 15.9min; P=.03), and higher efficiency (43% vs. 27%; P=.02), but task time was similar between groups (20.0 vs. 22.6min; P=.23). In Study B, the success orientation group had higher task completion (10/16 vs. 1/24; P<.001) and longer persistence (21.2 vs. 14.6min; P=.001), but efficiency was similar (33% vs. 35%; P=.84). In Study C, the time-only group had greater efficiency than time+quality (56% vs. 41%; P=.03), but task time did not differ significantly (172 vs. 208s; P=.07). In this complex motor task, a sequential (vs. unstructured) schedule, success (vs. failure) orientation, and time-only (vs. time+quality) goal improved some (but not all) performance outcomes.