Vagus nerve stimulation therapy for treatment-resistant PTSD.

BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common and debilitating, and many individuals do not respond to existing therapies. We developed a fundamentally novel neuromodulation-based therapy for treatment-resistant PTSD. This approach is premised on coupling prolonged exposure therapy, a first-line evidence-based cognitive behavioral therapy that directs changes within fear networks, with concurrent delivery of short bursts of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), which enhance synaptic plasticity. METHODS: We performed a first-in-human prospective open-label early feasibility study (EFS) using a next-generation miniaturized system to deliver VNS therapy in nine individuals with moderate to severe treatment-resistant PTSD. All individuals received a standard 12-session course of prolonged exposure therapy combined with VNS. Assessments were performed before, 1 week after, and 1, 3, and 6 months after the completion of therapy. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT04064762. RESULTS: VNS therapy resulted in significant, clinically-meaningful improvements in multiple metrics of PTSD symptoms and severity compared to baseline (CAPS-5, PCL-5, and HADS all p < 0.001 after therapy). These benefits persisted at 6 months after the cessation of therapy, suggesting lasting improvements. All participants showed loss of PTSD diagnosis after completing treatment. No serious or unexpected device-related adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide a demonstration of the safety and feasibility of VNS therapy for PTSD and highlight the potential of this approach. Collectively, these support the validation of VNS therapy for PTSD in a rigorous randomized controlled trial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)