Study on the effects of exercise combined with diet on relevant health indicators such as body composition, metabolic health, inflammatory markers, biomarkers, and cognitive health in adolescents or adults

INTERVENTION: Control group:No intervention;The group with restricted eating time:The adopted dietary plan is based on the 16:8 eating principle. For example, (from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.) one can eat freely, while the remaining 16 hours are fasting periods. During the fasting period, participants are allowed to drink plain water, weak tea, coffee, and calorie‐free beverages. The daily compliance log is used to measure the compliance with the 8‐hour eating window. This log records the start and end times of eating for each subject every day. If the log shows that the subject eats within the 8‐hour window (10:00 to 18:00 h), then that day is marked as "compliance". If the log indicates that the subject eats outside the 8‐hour eating window, then that day is marked as "non‐compliance". The compliance with the time‐limited eating is evaluated as the number of compliant days per week.;Low‐oxygen exercise group:This group of subjects only participated in intermittent hypoxia training without dietary control. The training schedule was three sessions per week, each lasting approximately 48‐64 minutes (including warm‐up and cool‐down), conducted in a hypoxic environment at an altitude of 2500‐3000 meters (with an oxygen concentration of 13.7%‐14.7%) (wearing a hypoxic mask). The specific plan was: 5 minutes of hypoxic exercise (target blood oxygen saturation reduced to 80%‐85%) + 3 minutes of normoxic recovery (blood oxygen returning to =95%) as one cycle, with a total of 6‐8 cycles completed; using a KEISER brand bicycle, the intensity was controlled at moderate to low levels (3‐4 gears, 65‐75 rpm, 60‐80w power output), and the heart rate was maintained at 120‐150 beats per minute. In terms of diet, daily habits remained unchanged.;Oxygen‐rich exercise group:The training schedule is three t CONDITION: overweight/obese PRIMARY OUTCOME: Blood sugar;Four items of blood lipid levels;Leptin;Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF);Executive function;Creativity;Arteriosclerosis;Body composition;Cardio‐pulmonary function;Blood pressure;Height;Waist‐to‐hip ratio; SECONDARY OUTCOME: Balance ability; INCLUSION CRITERIA: This study enrolled overweight or obese college students aged 17–23 years (BMI >=24, or body fat percentage >=25% for males and >=30% for females). Participants were required to have no underlying diseases or exercise contraindications, stable body weight with no regular exercise habits or special dietary patterns within the past 3 months, no use of medications affecting metabolism, no claustrophobia, and good cognitive function and compliance, with voluntary participation and completion of the 8‐week intervention and all assessment tests.