Supervised Center-based vs. Unsupervised Home-based Exercise Programs (PRO-Training)

The superiority of supervised center-based training programs compared with unsupervised home-based ones in older adults remains unclear, and no evidence exists on whether including a motivational component could moderate these differences. The present randomized controlled trial aims to determine the role of supervision and motivational strategies on the safety, adherence, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of different training programs for improving physical and mental health in older adults. Participants (n=120, aged 60-75 years old) will be randomly divided into five groups: 1- Control group, 2- Unsupervised home-based exercise group without motivational intervention (UNSUP), 3- Unsupervised home-based exercise group with motivational intervention (UNSUP+), 4- Supervised center-based exercise group without motivational intervention (SUP) and 5- Supervised center-based exercise group with motivational intervention (SUP+). Participants assigned to the exercise groups will participate in a 24-week multicomponent exercise program (3 sessions/week, 60 min/session), while participants in the control group will be asked to maintain their usual lifestyle. Physical and mental health outcomes will be assessed, including lower and upper-body muscular function, physical function, cardiorespiratory function, anthropometry and body composition, health-related quality of life, cognitive performance, anxiety and depression status, physical activity and sedentary behavior, sleep, biochemical markers, motivators and barriers to exercise, individual\'s psychological needs, and level of self-determination. Assessments will be conducted at baseline (week 0), mid-intervention (week 12), at the end of the intervention period (week 25), and 24 weeks after the exercise intervention (week 48).