Multinodular goiter treatment with radioiodine aided by recombinant human TSH in different doses: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

BACKGROUND: There is not an optimal treatment for multinodular goiter (MNG). Surgery is the main therapeutic option because it decreases thyroid volume, reduces compression symptoms and provide histological diagnosis. Radioiodine (131I) is an efficient therapeutic option for the treatment of MNG mainly when surgery is not indicated or when the patient refused it. However, high activities of 131I are frequently required for clinically significant results. This procedure increases the body radiation exposure and the hospitalization costs. Recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) allows a reduction in the administered activity of ¹³¹ I with effective thyroid volume (TV) reduction. However, this combination therapeutic can increase collateral effects. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of low and intermediate doses of rhTSH compared to placebo, associated with a fixed activity of 131I in MNG treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with MNG received 0.1 mg of rhTSH (group I, n=10), 0.01 mg of rhTSH (group II, n=10), or placebo (control group, n=10). After 24 hours, 30 mCi of 131I was given to all patients. Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) was determined before and 24 hours after rhTSH. Before and 2, 7, 180 and 360 days after the TV was measured by magnetic resonance image (MRI). The smallest cross-sectional area of traqueal lumen (Scat) was also measured with MRI before, 2 and 7 days after treatment. Antithyroid antibodies, TSH, T3 and free T4 were assessed regularly. RESULTS: After 6 months, the decrease in TV was more significant in groups I (30.3±16.5%) and II (22.6±14.5%), than in control group (5.0±14.6%; p=0.01). After 12 months, TV decreased more in group I (39.2±16.9%) and group II (38.8±24.4%) than in group III (23.4±23.59%) but it was not statistically significant (p=0.205). During the first 30 days,total T3 and free T4 increased, without reaching thyrotoxic levels and TSH decreased. After 12 months, 8 patients developed hypothyroidism (3 in group I, 3 in group II and 2 in group III). Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-TG) titers increased after 6 months and returned to basal levels after 12 months similarly in all groups. There was more patients with anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies ( anti-TPO) titers incresead after 12 months on group I. There was not TV increase after ¹³¹I on the first week ,with or without rhTSH. CONCLUSION: The previous stimulus with rhTSH using a fixed 131I activity lead to a greater and more significant goiter reduction after six months of treatment than 131I alone. After twelve months this tendency was maintained, but without statistic relevance.