The Effect of Irregular Meal Pattern on Nitrogen Balance in Healthy Normal-weight Women

Nitrogen balance (NB) is defined as the net difference between the intake of nitrogen (input) and its excretion (output). NB was considered as an indicator of the catabolic stress level. Thus, a negative NB can occur as a result of catabolism which leads to muscle mass loss. It was demonstrated that there is a relationship between meal frequency and N loss. Irregular meal patterns have been considered as a possible new risk factor for obesity and its consequences, specifically cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndromes. As the regular meal pattern is associated with higher BMI in many observational studies and has an impact on the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, it could also affect protein metabolism. Eating irregularly can cause chrono-disruption because the changes in the timing of food intake as a consequence may also alter the chrono-biological or circadian rhythm of many hormones such as insulin, glucagon, adiponectin, leptin and gastric acid secretion. From this, investigators hypothesized that following an irregular meal pattern can negatively influence the N balance and circadian rhythm.