Multiple sclerosis subgroups: Data-driven clusters based on patient-reported outcomes and a large clinical sample.

BACKGROUND: While standard clinical assessments provide great value for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), they are limited in their ability to characterize patient perspectives and individual-level symptom heterogeneity. OBJECTIVES: To identify PwMS subgroups based on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. We also sought to connect PRO-based subgroups with demographic variables, functional impairment, hypertension and smoking status, traditional qualitative multiple sclerosis (MS) symptom groupings, and neuroperformance measurements. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, we applied latent profile analysis (LPA) to a large database of PROs; analytic sample N = 6619). RESULTS: We identified nine distinct MS subtypes based on PRO patterns. The subtypes were primarily categorized into low, moderate, and high mobility impairment clusters. Approximately 70% of participants were classified in a low mobility impairment group, 10% in a moderate mobility impairment group, and 20% in a high mobility impairment group. Within these subgroups, several unexpected patterns were observed, such as high mobility impairment clusters reporting low non-mobility impairment. CONCLUSIONS: The present study highlights an opportunity to advance precision medicine approaches in MS. Combining PROs with data-driven methodology allows for a cost-effective and personalized characterization of symptom presentations. that can inform clinical practice and future research designs.