Severe encephalitis due to Epstein-Barr virus in an immunocompetent patient: case report

SUMMARY Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infects about 90 % of people in the first decade of life and, like other herpes viruses, remains dormant with risk of subsequent reactivations. EBV infection can have an asymptomatic course or cause infectious mononucleosis (IM), especially in teenagers and adults. Rarely, it can be responsible for infections in the central nervous system such as encephalitis, cerebellitis, myelitis, neuritis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and, more commonly, primary lymphoma of the central nervous system (PLCNS) related to infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). VEB encephalitis does not differ from other viral encephalitis in its clinical presentation. Its diagnosis is performed by serological detection of acute antibody response against the virus or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Treatment options are limited and with a low evidence of effectiveness. We report an unusual case of an immunocompetent mid adult woman, who presented clinically severe acute encephalitis and marked abnormalities in neuroimaging. The diagnosis was made by EBV DNA detection in CSF, supported by the exclusion of the presence of other pathogens and etiologies by microbiological and pathological studies.