What effects does an ankle taping have on running biomechanics?

INTERVENTION: Brief name: functional taping in the ankle Arm 1: functional taping, performed with a standard 38‐mm self‐adhesive tape starting with two anchor strips around the leg 10 cm above the malleoli. The next step will consist of two strips placed from the medial side of the anchor tape to the lateral side with the foot in a neutral position. The “figure sixes” focusing on the subtalar joint will be performed with an initial strip onto the medial anchor through the plantar aspect of the foot attached to the medial anchor. To complete the procedure, the therapist will cover all free ends and spaces with tape. Arm 2: taping with KinesioTape, performed with a 30 cm "U" strip with 75% tension from the sole to the head of the fibula, following the path of the peroneus longus muscle; then a 15 cm "U" strip with 75% tension from the external part of the calcaneus to the first toe; and finally a 10 cm strip with 75% tension from the external malleolus to the medial malleolus. All participants will undergo the interventions in a randomized order. The allocation will be carried out using the randomization function of Microsoft Office Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA). The bandages will be applied before running by a physiotherapist with ten years of clinical experience specializing in ankle and foot injuries in runners, in the Sports Performance Laboratory of the European University of Madrid. The minimum duration period between treatments (1‐ running with taping; 2‐ running with kinesiotape; 3‐running without taping) will be 72h to avoid fatigue, which could interfere with the measures. First, participants will undergo a maximal effort 5‐minute run test on a 400‐m track (Berthon et al., 1997; García‐Pérez et al., 2013) t CONDITION: Ankle sprain;Ankle instability; ; Ankle sprain ; Ankle instability Musculoskeletal ‐ Other muscular and skeletal disorders SECONDARY OUTCOME: Ankle dorsiflexion[Inclinometer, during a weight‐bearing lunge ; ; Konor MM, Morton S, Eckerson JM, Grindstaff TL. Reliability of three measures of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012 Jun;7(3):279‐87. Baseline with or without the bandage, and immediately post‐run.] INCLUSION CRITERIA: Male and female well‐trained runners between 18 – 45 years old, with a weekly training schedule of at least two days and a total of 15 km of running. PRIMARY OUTCOME: Ankle stability[Y Balance Test (YBT): The YBT evaluates the stability and joint mobility of the ankle, knee, and hip. This test will be performed on one leg, placed at the level of the crossing of the Y formed by three angled bands of 135° and 90° between each one. The participant will have to do three repetitions in each direction. The attempt will be invalid if the patient supports the free leg during the exercise, lifts, or loses balance. In this study, a kit will be used that the athlete has to move, with contact always with the element (Powden et al., 2019); ; Powden CJ, Dodds TK, Gabriel EH. THE RELIABILITY OF THE STAR EXCURSION BALANCE TEST AND LOWER QUARTER Y‐BALANCE TEST IN HEALTHY ADULTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2019;14(5):683‐694. ; Baseline (pre‐run) and immediately after completion of the 30‐minute treadmill running protocol.] Composite primary outcome: activation of pronator (peroneus longus and brevis) and supinator (medial gastrocnemius and anterior tibialis) muscles of the foot with an electromyography analysis during a vertical jump (single leg drop jump) before and after performing the treadmill run protocol. ; ; In addition, the characteristics of this jump (jump height in cm, stiffness in kN/m, reactive force index) will be analyzed with the MyJump 2 app (Haynes et al., 2019). In the electromyographic analysis, the following parameters will be assessed: maximum peaks, minimum peaks, and total average (García‐Arrabe et al., 2022).; ; García‐Arrabe M, García‐Fernández P, Ruiz‐Ruiz B, Del Prado‐Álvarez R, Romero‐Morales C, Díaz‐Arribas MJ. Effects of minimalist shoes on pelvic floor activity in nulliparous women during running at different velocities: a randomized cross‐over clinical trial. Sci Rep. 2022 Dec 8;12(1):21218. doi: 10.1038/s41598‐022‐25344‐6. PMID: 36481768; PMCID: PMC9732344[‐Electromyography (EMG Delsys Trigno Avanti; Natick, USA); ‐MyJump 2 app Baseline (pre‐run) and immediately after completion of the 30‐minute treadmill running protocol.] Composite primary outcome: running biomechanics on a treadmill: to analyze running kinematics at the ankle, knee, and hip in the frontal and sagittal planes during the treadmill running protocol, Kinovea software v 0.8.15 will be used, analyzing 2D videos. The variables analyzed will be lateral pelvic drop, hip flexion angle, knee flexion angle, tibial inclination, foot‐strike pattern, heel eversion, rearfoot position, forefoot position, and ankle dorsiflexion angle (Damsted et al., 2015; Atkins et al., 2014; Pipkin et al., 2016).; ; Damsted C, Nielsen RO, Larsen LH. Reliability of video‐based quantification of the knee‐ and hip angle at foot strike during running. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015 Apr;10(2):147‐54. ; ; Atkins LT, James CR, Sizer PS, Jonely H, Brismée JM. Reliability and concurrent criterion validity of a novel technique for analyzing hip kinematics during running. Physiother Theory Pract. 2014 Apr;30(3):210‐7.; ; Pipkin A, Kotecki K, Hetzel S, Heiderscheit B. Reliability of a Qualitative Video Analysis for Running. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Jul;46(7):556‐61.; ; [Kinovea software v 0.8.15 At 5, 15, and 25 minutes during the run]