Secondary nonmotor negative symptoms in healthy volunteers after single doses of haloperidol and risperidone: a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The effect of antipsychotics (APs) on negative symptoms is controversial. The present study assessed negative symptoms in healthy volunteers without any source of primary negative symptoms after single doses of haloperidol and risperidone. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy subjects were included in this randomized, placebo-controlled, single-dose (haloperidol 5 mg and risperidone 2.5 mg) crossover and double-blind clinical trial. Negative symptoms were assessed by observer-rated scales and with a self-report scale. Possible confounding effects considered were extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and sedative effects. The occupation of striatal dopamine D2 receptors was also determined. RESULTS: Risperidone induced a wide range of negative symptoms such as alogia, blunted affect, avolition/apathy, and attention impairment, whereas haloperidol only induced the avolition/apathy subdomain. Most of the effects of risperidone in healthy volunteers, with the exception of its effects on avolition/apathy, were attributable to AP-induced EPS. Haloperidol did not cause significant EPS after administration. No effect of sedation or psychomotor performance was observed on negative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Single doses of both haloperidol and risperidone induced nonmotor secondary negative symptoms in healthy volunteers. The clinical findings are especially relevant in view of the impact of negative symptoms on poor functioning. They may help to guide clinicians in their choice of APs (http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01259973).