Provision of Small-Quantity Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements Increases Plasma Selenium Concentration in Pregnant Women in Malawi: A Secondary Outcome of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Provision of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements containing 130 mu g/d selenium to pregnant Malawian women for similar to 16 wk increased plasma selenium concentrations in late pregnancy. Background Pregnant women in Malawi are at risk of selenium deficiency, which can have adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes. Interventions for improving selenium status are needed. Objectives To assess the effect of provision of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNSs) to Malawian women during pregnancy on their plasma selenium concentrations at 36 wk of gestation. Methods Pregnant women (<= 20 wk of gestation) were randomly assigned to receive daily either: 1) iron and folic acid (IFA); 2) multiple micronutrients (MMN; 130 mu g selenium per capsule); or 3) SQ-LNS (130 mu g selenium/20 g). Plasma selenium concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at baseline and after >= 16 wk of intervention (at 36 wk of gestation) and compared by intervention group. Results At 36 wk of gestation, median (quartile 1, quartile 3) plasma selenium concentrations (micromoles per liter) were 0.96 (0.73, 1.23), 0.94 (0.78, 1.18), and 1.01 (0.85, 1.28) in the IFA, MMN, and SQ-LNS groups, respectively. Geometric mean (GM) plasma selenium concentration was 5.4% (95% CI: 1.8%, 9.0%) higher in the SQ-LNS group than in the MMN group and tended to be higher than in the IFA group (+4.2%; 95% CI: 1.0%, 7.8%). The prevalence of adjusted plasma selenium concentrations <1 mu mol/L was 55.1%, 57.8%, and 47.3% in the IFA, MMN, and SQ-LNS groups, respectively; it was lower in the SQ-LNS group than in the MMN group, OR = 0.44 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.83), and tended to be lower than in the IFA group, OR = 0.54 (95% CI: 0.29, 1.03). There was a significant interaction between baseline plasma selenium concentration and intervention group (P = 0.003). In the lowest tertile of baseline selenium concentrations, GM plasma selenium concentration was higher, and the prevalence of low values was lower in the SQ-LNS group compared with the MMN and IFA groups at 36 wk of gestation (P <= 0.007). Conclusions Provision of SQ-LNS containing selenium to pregnant women can be an effective strategy for improving their selenium status. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT01239693).