Perioperative psychological and music interventions in the elderly patient undergoing spinal anesthesia: effect on improve the safety of anesthesia and surgery

INTERVENTION: psychological and music interventions group:psychological and music interventions;control group:none; CONDITION: elderly patients undergoing elective surgery PRIMARY OUTCOME: HF;LF;LF/H; SECONDARY OUTCOME: SAS;VAS; INCLUSION CRITERIA: The study participants ranged in age from 65 to 90 yr, with ASA physical status 2 or 3, and BMI<40kg/m2.Inclusion criteria included normal heart, pulmonary, liver, and kidney function on preoperative examination; no history of endocrine or central nervous system disease or drug allergies; absence of severe anemia, malnutrition, hypoproteinemia, and water‐electrolyte and acid‐base imbalance disorders. All patients fasted for 12 hours and were advised not to drink fluids for 4 hours before surgery.