Neuromodulation Combined With Dual FES Cycling and Cognitive Training After Stroke

This is a three‐stage, randomized, sham‐controlled study in individuals after stroke.Stage 1 will compare FES cycling alone, FES cycling combined with cognitive tasktraining, and sham FES cycling. Stage 2 will compare photobiomodulation applied to theear, forehead, and sham stimulation. Stage 3 will evaluate the selected FES cycling andneuromodulation approaches alone and in combination. Participants will complete 10sessions over 2 weeks. Cognitive, upper‐extremity motor, functional, participation, andquality‐of‐life outcomes will be assessed at baseline, immediately after treatment, andat 3‐month follow‐up. Feasibility, adherence, tolerance, and adverse events will also bemonitored.