Application of Low-Dose Hydromorphone in Patient-Controlled Intravenous Analgesia for Patients Undergoing Thoracoscopic Lobectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

INTERVENTION: Control Group: Hydromorphone without background dose + Nalbuphine + Antiemetic:Without background infusion in the parameter settings of postoperative analgesic pump;Experimental Group: Low background‐dose hydromorphone + nalbuphine + antiemetic agents:With background infusion in the parameter settings of postoperative analgesic pump; CONDITION: Pulmonary lesions PRIMARY OUTCOME: VAS resting and activity pain scores; SECONDARY OUTCOME: The incidence of drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression and other adverse reactions.; INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Aged 18–65 years, ASA physical status II–III; 2. Scheduled for elective thoracoscopic surgery (radical lung cancer resection, lobectomy, pneumothora Xrepair), with an operation duration of 1–3 hours; 3. Normal preoperative cognitive function (MMSE score >= 27, MoCA score >= 26); 4. No history of mental illness or neurological diseases, no allergy to opioids, no severe hepatic or renal dysfunction; 5. Informed consent was obtained and signed by patients and their family members.