Efficacy and safety of oxycodone for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung surgery: a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial

INTERVENTION: Oxycodone group:Oxycodone was administered via patient‐controlled analgesia pump for postoperative pain management;Oliceridine group:Oliceridine was administered via patient‐controlled analgesia pump for postoperative pain management; CONDITION: Patients with pulmonary nodules scheduled for video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery PRIMARY OUTCOME: The proportion of patients achieving achieving satisfactory analgesia with minimal emesis at 24 hours postoperatively; SECONDARY OUTCOME: Sum of Pain Intensity Differences (SPID) and Area Under the Curve (AUC) for pain scores at rest and during coughing over the first 3 postoperative days;Postoperative anxiety and depression on postoperative days 1‐3;Opioid‐related adverse events;Postoperative PCIA bolus attempts and cumulative opioid consumption via PCIA;Total intraoperative opioid consumption;Healthcare costs and postoperative length of hospital stay;Quality of recovery, anxiety and depression, incidence of chronic postsurgical pain, DAH90, readmission rate, and mortality rate at 3 and 12 months postoperatively;Time to first rescue analgesia, proportion of patients requiring rescue analgesia, and total dose of rescue analgesic medications;Days Alive at Home in the 30 days after Surgery;The proportion of patients achieving satisfactory analgesia with minimal emesis during coughing on postoperative days (POD) 2‐3 and at rest on POD 1‐3;Time to first postoperative flatus, time to first bowel movement, and time to first ambulation;Patient satisfaction with postoperative analgesia on postoperative day 3;Pain scores at rest and during coughing, as well as PONV scores on POD 1‐3;Postoperative quality of recovery on postoperative days 1‐3; INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Age >=18 years; 2. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification I‐III; 3. Patients scheduled for elective video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS); 4. Body Mass Inde X(BMI) between 18.5 kg/m^2 and 28 kg/m^2.