A comparison of digital, visual, and visuospatial automated feedback systems in simulated bimanual surgical skills training

INTERVENTION: This is a four‐arm randomized controlled trial. Google online random number generator is used to determine participant group allocation between the four groups. Participants perform si Xsimulated tumor resections, a practice subpial tumor resection five times, and a comple Xrealistic brain tumor resection once. The first group acts as the control group that is doing the tasks without any feedback. The participants in the remaining groups receive digital, visual, and visuospatial feedback after completing each task based on their group allocation in three feedback groups. Each session of the simulation trial takes an hour and a half, and data are collected in a single session with no follow‐up. CONDITION: Training bimanual surgical skills of medical students using virtual reality simulation and feedback ; Surgery PRIMARY OUTCOME: Learning measured using the total number of expert benchmarks achieved on previously validated 14 performance metrics with expert‐level benchmarks, on a scale of 1 to 14, across five repetitions of the simulated task, assessed after the completion of each task SECONDARY OUTCOME: ; Performance improvement measured using participant scores, across the five repetitions of the simulated task, on the 14 performance metrics, assessed after the completion of each task:; 1. Brain volume removed (cc); 2. Amount of blood loss (cc); 3. Maximum force applied with the dominant hand (Newton); 4. Maximum force applied with a non‐dominant hand (Newton); 5. Sum of forces applied with the dominant hand (Newton); 6. Sum of forces applied with a non‐dominant hand (Newton); 7. Tumour percentage removed (%); 8. Total tip path length dominant hand (mm); 9. Total tip path length non‐dominant hand (mm); 10. Path length index; 11. Efficiency index; 12. Average instrument tips separation distance (mm); 13. Coordination index; 14. Bimanual forces ratio; INCLUSION CRITERIA: Students who are currently enrolled in medical schools.