Periodontal disease and heart disease: are they related?

This article reviews the literature (with an emphasis on articles published from 2005-2008) regarding a possible association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. Both clinical studies and review papers were included. A number of studies continue to demonstrate such an association; however, none of the studies to date have shown a cause-and-effect relationship between the diseases. Based on the findings of this literature review, dentists still should apply the recommendations made by the American Heart Association in its 2004 statement.