Trimethoprim-induced aseptic meningitis in a patient with AIDS: case report and review.

We report the case of a 41-year-old man infected with human immunodeficiency virus who had two episodes of aseptic meningitis that occurred 2 weeks apart; the first was associated with ingestion of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) and the second was associated with ingestion of TMP alone. Onset of fever, headache, and flushing was abrupt, followed by somnolence, hearing loss, and aphasia. Analysis of the CSF showed pleocytosis and an elevated protein level. The findings resolved within 48 hours after withdrawal of the drug. We also review 18 previously reported cases of TMP-SMZ- or TMP-induced meningitis, 17 of which occurred in women. In all of these cases, a similar abrupt onset and resolution were noted. Six of the 18 patients had collagen-vascular diseases. All but two of these patients had multiple recurrent episodes of meningitis before the diagnosis was made. We conclude that the diagnosis of TMP-SMZ- or TMP-induced meningitis should be considered when a patient receiving these drugs has recurrent episodes of aseptic meningitis.