Effects of Chronic Exercise on Hormonal and Mineral Biomarkers in Male University Students

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on hormonal and mineral biomarkers and aerobic fitness in male university students. The study aims to determine whether HIIT improves hormonal biomarkers, including testosterone, cortisol, the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio, and growth hormone (GH), as well as mineral metabolism biomarkers, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D \[25(OH)D\], calcium, and phosphate. Participants will be assigned to either a HIIT group or a non-training control group. The HIIT group completed three sessions per week for 9 weeks, alternating 30-second runs at high-intensity and low-intensity. The control group did not participate in the training intervention and maintained its usual daily activities.