Effectiveness of Calcium and Vitamin D, With and Without Collagen Peptide, in Enhancing Bone Mineral Density on Postmenopausal Women With Osteopenia

Osteopenia is characterized by bone mineral density (BMD) being lower than normal but not reaching the osteoporosis threshold, poses a serious problem for women after menopause. Osteopenia is a precursor to osteoporosis that is associated with increased risk of fractures, morbidity, and mortality. Using strategies to improve or maintain bone density is important for preventing osteoporosis and its associated complications. The combination of collagen peptide (CP) with calcium and vitamin D supplementation may provide several ways to improve bone health. This study aims to provide preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of traditional medicine in improving bone health through the effectiveness of CP.