The Effect of Bee Propolis and Tabata Exercise on Immune Response, Bone Metabolism Markers, Oxidants-Antioxidants Status, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Compositions and Quality of Life Among Physically Inactive Overweight Men

INTERVENTION: Experimental Other,Experimental Other,Experimental Dietary Supplement,No Intervention No treatment Participants in the E groups performed Tabata exercise for 12 weeks, 3 times per week, 4‐8 sets. Each exercise session began with 5 min warm up and end with 5 min cool down. Exercise movement involve squats, mountain climber, burpee, crunches, lunges and leg scissors. Each exercise movement starts with a maximum intensity exercise lasting for 20 seconds, in which the participants are required to perform as many repetitions as possible of a given exercise, followed by 10‐seconds of complete rest (no low‐intensity exercises are performed). The sets are repeated with 1‐minute rest between them. The exercise intensity is set to be more than 80% heart rate maximum.,Participants in the EB groups performed Tabata exercise for 12 weeks, 3 times per week (same as E group) but they also need to consume 2 tablets containing 500 mg/tablet of Bee propolis per day after a meal (breakfast and dinner) for 12 weeks.,Participants in the B group consumed 2 tablets containing 500 mg/tablet of Bee propolis per day after a meal (breakfast and dinner) for 12 weeks.,Participants in the C group will not involve in the exercise program and not taking any Bee propolis supplementation. Tabata exercise (E),Propolis and Tabata Exercise (EB),Propolis (B),Control (C) CONDITION: Research showed that physically inactive may lead to increased risk of obesity, osteoporosis, and weaken immune system which in turns increased the risk for developing of various diseases especially non‐communicable diseases (NCDs). Statistics on physically inactive lifestyle is increasing worldwide. In Malaysia, more than 50% of Malaysian youngsters lead this lifestyle. As for supplements intake, people are uncertain on which supplements are the best for their health. This is due to contradictory findings reported on certain supplements as a result of different study designs and protocols employed in each study. Most of the previous studies on Bee propolis were in animal and in vitro studies. There are only a few human studies but with a different type of population, parameters measured, and study design. Thus, it is remarkable to find out if BP supplementation and Tabata exercise intervention able to improve quality of life by positively modulate immune function, oxidants‐antioxidants status, bone metabolism markers, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition in physically inactive overweight men. In addition, it also interesting to find out if combination of Tabata exercise and bee propolis supplementation could produce better effects than Tabata exercise alone or bee propolis supplementation alone. Findings from this study will fill the gap of knowledge in this area. ; Tabata; Immune response; propolis Tabata; Immune response; propolis PRIMARY OUTCOME: Immune Parameter before Tabata exercise (pre‐test), after 6‐weeks Tabata (mid‐test) and after 12‐weeks Tabata (post‐test) Full blood count (FBC), Differential Count (DC), Flow Cytometry, ELISA Kit,Oxidants‐antioxidants Status before Tabata exercise (pre‐test), after 6‐weeks Tabata (mid‐test) and after 12‐weeks Tabata (post‐test) ELISA Kit,Bone Metabolism Markers before Tabata exercise (pre‐test), after 6‐weeks Tabata (mid‐test) and after 12‐weeks Tabata (post‐test) ELISA Kit,Cholesterol level and fasting blood glucose before Tabata exercise (pre‐test), after 6‐weeks Tabata (mid‐test) and after 12‐weeks Tabata (post‐test) portable analyzer (Accutrend Plus, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) SECONDARY OUTCOME: Body composition before Tabata exercise (pre‐test), after 6‐weeks Tabata (mid‐test) and after 12‐weeks Tabata (post‐test) integrated bioelectrical impedance and height/weight scale (Tanita TBF‐410GS, Japan),Quality of Life before Tabata exercise (pre‐test), after 6‐weeks Tabata (mid‐test) and after 12‐weeks Tabata (post‐test) WHOQOL‐BREF,Cardiorespiratory fitness before Tabata exercise (pre‐test), after 6‐weeks Tabata (mid‐test) and after 12‐weeks Tabata (post‐test) 6‐minute walk test INCLUSION CRITERIA: male, age 18‐40 years‐old, Physically inactive (assess through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire‐IPAQ), Overweight (BMI 23.9‐29.9 kg/m2), Healthy (assess through the 2021 Physical Activity Readiness questionnaire‐PAR‐Q+)