Effect of kiwifruit consumption on gastric emptying

INTERVENTION: A randomised repeated measures design will be used in which each subject receives all diets in a random order. The test foods will be as follows: 1. Weet‐Bix only (40 g available carbohydrate) 2. Weet‐Bix (20g available carbohydrate) plus kiwifruit (20g available carbohydrate) 13C‐labelled sodium acetate (100 mg) will be added to the test meal just before consumption (details on the safety of 13C‐labelled sodium acetate is stated below). An additional 200 ml of water will be consumed with all diets. On each test day the volunteers will be seated and asked to remain so for the duration of the test. They may continue work, if practical to do so, at the testing location. Once each subject is relaxed and comfortable (approximately 15‐20 minutes after arrival), a baseline blood sugar measurement will be taken in duplicate for that day. Each subject will then be given a test food and instructed to consume the whole amount within a ten‐minute period. The duration of each testing session be 3 hours and 45 minutes. The duration of the washout between each testing session will be 48 hours CONDITION: Diabetes;Metabolic disorder; ; Diabetes ; Metabolic disorder Metabolic and Endocrine ‐ Diabetes Metabolic and Endocrine ‐ Other metabolic disorders PRIMARY OUTCOME: Blood glucose as assessed by finger‐prick blood test[Blood glucose testing will be timed from the start of food consumption by finger prick sampling of capillary blood at 15 min intervals in the first hour and then at 30 min intervals until 180 min has elapsed. Samples will be collected at 0 (baseline x 2), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes. The blood glucose will be measured immediately using a HemoCue® blood glucose meter] Gastric emptying as assessed by exhaled breath analysis[Breath samples will be collected by blowing gently into a 10ml Exetainer with a drinking straw and replacing the cap just before the end of exhalation. Breath samples will be collected at baseline (time = zero minutes) and every 15 min postprandially until 3 hours. Breath samples will be analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry.] SECONDARY OUTCOME: Measure changes in increatin hormones (gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1).[Blood sampling will be timed from the start of food consumption by finger prick sampling of capillary blood at 15 min intervals in the first hour and then at 30 min intervals until 180 min has elapsed. Samples will be collected at 0 (baseline x 2), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes. ; Capillary blood sample will be drawn into a Z gel serum Microvette® microtube designed for capillary blood collection, centrifuged and stored at ‐80°C for later analysis] Measure changes in insulin[Blood sampling will be timed from the start of food consumption by finger prick sampling of capillary blood at 15 min intervals in the first hour and then at 30 min intervals until 180 min has elapsed. Samples will be collected at 0 (baseline x 2), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes. ; Capillary blood sample will be drawn into a Z gel serum Microvette® microtube designed for capillary blood collection, centrifuged and stored at ‐80°C for later analysis] Satiety will also be measured using 'Visual Analogue Scale'[Time: 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes. ; ] INCLUSION CRITERIA: INCLUSION CRITERIA: • Age: Aged between 18 and 40. • Sex: Male or female. • Glucose tolerance: No history of diabetes or evidence of glucose intolerance in a preliminary screening test. • BMI: Volunteers have a body mass index between 18.5 and 24.99 kg/m2 • Health: Healthy as gauged by self‐assessment and result on the General Health Questionnaire. • Agreement: Subject having given written informed consent to comply with the conditions of the trial.