Diabetes and exercise

INTERVENTION: Behavioural E02.779.483 G11.427.590.530.698.277 Periodized strength training group: 20 individuals with type 2 diabetes will undergo supervised strength training 3 times per week. Eight strength exercises will be performed during each training session. The program consists of a prepared phase of 4 weeks (between 1‐2 sets of 15 submaximal repetitions per exercise) and a main phase of 12 weeks. In the main phase, the exercises are prescribed using repetition series in a daily undulating periodization, as follows: (Day 1) 3 sets of 14 maximum repetitions with 40 seconds recovery; (Day 2) 3 sets of 10 maximum repetitions with recovery of 80 seconds; And 3 sets of 6 maximum reps with 120 seconds recovery. Non‐periodized strength training group: 20 individuals with type 2 diabetes undergo supervised strength training 3 times per week. Eight strength exercises will be performed during each training session. The program consists of a preparatory phase of 4 weeks (between 1‐2 sets of 15 submaximal repetitions per exercise) and a main phase of 12 weeks. In the main phase, the exercises are prescribed using series of maximum repetition of non‐periodized form, i.e., 3 series of 10 maximum repetitions with recovery of 80 seconds. Control group: 20 individuals with type 2 diabetes will receive standard counseling for regular physical activity. The group will be instructed to accumulate 30 minutes of moderate‐vigorous aerobic activity 5 days per week for 16 weeks. The control group is not involved in any structured physical training program. CONDITION: Non‐­insulin‐­dependent diabetes mellitus ; E11 PRIMARY OUTCOME: Reduction of the glycated hemoglobin level after 16 weeks of strength training, verified by blood plasma analysis, from the observation of a variation of at least 0.6% in the pre‐ and post‐intervention measurements INCLUSION CRITERIA: Age between 30 and 70 years; body mass index between 25.0 and 39.9 kg/m2; diagnosis of type 2 diabetes for a period equal or greater than 1 year; insufficiently active or sedentary SECONDARY OUTCOME: Improvement of the body composition after 16 weeks of strength training, verified through total abdomen visceral adipose tissue, thigh adipose tissue, thigh muscle tissue, fat mass, and fat‐free mass, from the observation of a significant change in pre‐ and post‐intervention measurements Improvement of the cardiovascular aspects after 16 weeks of strength training, verified through 24‐hour blood pressure, resting blood pressure, and resting heart rate variability, from the observation of a significant change in pre‐ and post‐intervention measurements Improvement of the metabolic aspects after 16 weeks of strength training, verified through 24‐hour glycemic curve and variability, fasting glucose, postprandial glycaemia, plasm insulin, insulin resistance, and blood lipids, from the observation of a significant change in pre‐ and post‐intervention measurements Improvement of the quality of life after 16 weeks of strength training, verified through quality of life questionnaire, from the observation of a significant change in the pre‐ and post‐intervention measurements Increase of the cardiorespiratory fitness after 16 weeks of strength training, verified through one‐mile walk/run test, from the observation of a significant change in pre‐ and post‐intervention measurements Increase of the enjoyment at physical exercise after 16 weeks of strength training, verified through physical activity enjoyment scale, from the observation of a significant change in the pre‐ and post‐intervention measurements Increase of the muscle quality after 16 weeks of strength training, verified through relationship between thigh muscle mass and lower limb muscle strength, from the observation of a significant change in the pre‐ and post‐intervention measurements Increase of the muscle strength after 16 weeks of strength training, verified through one‐repetition maximum test, from the observation of a significant change in pre‐ and post ‐intervention measurements Increase of the resting metabolic rate after 16 weeks of strength training, verified through indirect calorimetry, from the observation of a significant change in pre‐ and post‐intervention measurements