Effect of tai chi training on muscle mass and well-being in older adults

INTERVENTION: A quasi‐experimental study will be carried out in a sample of 120 older adults between 60 and 74 years of age without physical limitations, or decompensated non‐communicable chronic diseases and who are not consuming anti‐inflammatory treatments or antioxidant supplements in the last three months, of which will be made up of three groups: (i) n = 40 tai chi group (TCG), (ii) n = 40 resistance exercise group (REG), and (iii) n = 40 control group (CG). During the first six months, a workshop will be held for the training and standardization of the group of researchers to guarantee reliability in the measurement of clinical parameters, body composition and biological markers. The training programs will also be designed, considering the development of two manuals and videos, one on tai chi and the other on physical strength exercise, which will be useful for training for monitors and as support material for older adults who participate in training groups. Likewise, a healthy aging program will be designed with the purpose of strengthening healthy lifestyles and the optimal use of social support networks, which will be applied in the three groups. Subsequently, the older adults who will participate in the study will be summoned and a pilot study will be carried out in 10 people to evaluate the protocols and times for the application of the evaluation instruments. With prior informed consent, a two‐week practical course will be held to learn about the use of digital tools that will be used throughout the interventions (Zoom, google forms, WhatsApp and pedometer), All participants will receive a bracelet smart device (pedometer) to monitor movements and heart rate and they will be sent a video manual on the physical exercise they will perform. The training ti CONDITION: Prevention of sarcopenia in older subjects ; Musculoskeletal Diseases PRIMARY OUTCOME: ; 1. Anthropometric: A protocol for reliable self‐assessment of weight, height, and waist, arm, hip, and calf circumferences will be designed at baseline and monthly. Blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and heart rate will also be measured; 2. Body composition: Muscle mass and strength will be measured before the intervention and at the end of the study by the mono‐frequency bioelectric impedance method, the raw data of resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) are obtained, to estimate skeletal muscle mass (MME ), the skeletal muscle mass index (IMME) and phase angle. Likewise, the force will be measured through an adjustable mechanical hand dynamometer, the maximum value of three repetitions will be recorded with the dominant hand, with 1 minute between measurements to avoid fatigue; 3. Biochemical measurements: Fasting blood samples will be taken to measure the biochemical parameters of hematic biometry, blood chemistry with lipid profile, glycated hemoglobin by colorimetric methods and commercial kits at the beginning and at the end of the study; 4. Markers of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation: The blood concentration of lipoperoxides, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) and catalase (CAT), as well as total antioxidant capacity, will be quantified by colorimetric methods and commercial kits. Inflammation markers (IL1, IL6, IL8, IL10 and TNFa) will also be measured by flow cytometry (CBA Kit, Human Inflammatory Cytokine, BD, San Diego, CA, USA). All measurements will be carried out at the beginning and at the end of the intervention according to standardized techniques in our laboratory; SECONDARY OUTCOME: ; 1. Polypharmacy and health status measured using a questionnaire designed and validated by consensus of experts in the Gerontology Research Unit, of the FES Zaragoza, UNAM, with the purpose of recording the antecedents of the state of health, lifestyles and chronic drug use; 2. Food and nutrition: Before and every month the characteristics of the feeding will be evaluated through the diet by means of the 24‐hour reminder applied by telephone and corroborated with photographs. Nutrient intake (macronutrients and micronutrients) will be analyzed using the “Food Processor® Nutrition Analysis Software”. Nutrition status will also be measured using the "Mininutritional Assessment (MNA)" this instrument can be applied in the google form; 3. Psychological well‐being. The well‐being questionnaire developed by Ryff (1995) revised and adapted for the Spanish‐speaking population and the Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL‐OLD) validated for the Mexican population will be applied; INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Age between 60 and 74 years old 2. Physically and mentally independient 3. Basic (o hiegher) schooling, but that they know how to read and write without any difficulty 4. Without uncontrolled chronic non‐communicable diseases 5. Without a history of periodic physical exercise in the last 6 months 6. Without chronic consumption of antioxidant supplements, anti‐inflammatory drugs 7. With the capacity to use, operate and charge a bracelet with a heart rate monitor and step counter 8. Have computer equipment and an internet connection that allows the use of zoom applications and google tools 9. Have time (two hours in the morning for 5 days) 10. Sign the informed consent