Effect of different components in milk on bioavailability of phenolic acid in humans

INTERVENTION: The acute effects were assessed and compared on five different days (with a 1‐week interval between them), using a Latin‐square design. The participants were asked to consume their regular diet while avoiding foods rich in polyphenols for 2 days before each study day. These foods included fruit, vegetables, high fibre products, beverages such as tea, coffee, fruit juice and wine. On each study day, the participants arrived at 9am after an overnight fast. Baseline blood was sampled and then participants were randomly assigned to one of five treatments. Treatments included: 1. 200g jujube fruits and 200ml water 2. 200g jujube fruits and 200ml whole milk 3. 200g jujube fruits and 200ml skimmed milk 4. 200g jujube fruits and 200ml cream 5. 200ml whole milk and 200ml water CONDITION: Nutrition ; Nutritional, Metabolic, Endocrine PRIMARY OUTCOME: Phenolic acids in plasma and urine measured at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 hours after intervention SECONDARY OUTCOME: 1. Serum triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ; 2. Total antioxidant capacity in plasma; 3. Resistance of serum lipids to oxidation; The outcomes will be measured at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 hours after intervention INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Healthy males or females 2. Aged 18 ‐ 65