Clinical diagnosis of malaria : can we improve?

Most cases of malaria in Zimbabwe are diagnosed on the basis of clinical suspicion; without laboratory tests. Of patience treated; between 10 and 30 have malaria parasites on blood slide examination. Can diagnosis be improved by a systematic history? We examined this question in 287 patients treated for malaria in an area of year-round transmission in Zimbabwe. The most common complaints were 'headache' (85.7); 'bodily weakness' (79.0) and 'fever/feeling hot' (73.2). Eighty patients (28) had malaria parasites on blood smear. Using the blood slide as the standard; we calculated the sensitivity; specificity and positive predictive value of a variety of clinical symptoms and signs. None had a positive predictive value substantially higher than the unknown diagnostic criteria used by health workers (28). Multi-variate analysis showed that 15 different demographic and clinical variables did not significantly predict a positive blood slide result. We conclude that; in this setting; clinical history alone will not improve the diagnosis of malaria