Foot-Ankle Exercise and Walking Exercise on Diabetes Mellitus Patients

The primary purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of foot-ankle exercise and walking exercise on foot sensitivity, stress, and quality of life (QoL) among people with diabetes mellitus (PWDM). At the same time, the secondary purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of foot-ankle exercise and walking exercise on body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure (BP), and ankle-brachial index (ABI) among PWDM at baseline (before intervention/0 week), at 6-weeks and 12-weeks. The research questions in this study include the following: * Is foot-ankle exercise effective for foot sensitivity, stress, QoL, BMI, FBG, BP, and ABI for PWDM? * Is walking exercise effective foot sensitivity, stress, QoL, BMI, FBG, BP, and ABI for PWDM? * Are there any differences in the mean scores of foot sensitivity, stress, QoL, BMI, FBG, BP, and ABI of PWDM within and between the foot-ankle exercise, walking exercise and control group at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks? * Are there any mediators/moderators effect of BMI, FBG, blood pressure, ABI, and stress for influencing foot exercise and walking exercise interventions on foot sensitivity and QoL for PWDM? Participants in the foot-ankle exercise group will be given health education about DM and foot-ankle exercise, as well as leaflets and videos. Participants will be taught how to practice foot-ankle exercises in front of the instructor. Afterwards, participants will practice foot-ankle exercises independently without supervision for 2-3 sessions every day for 12 weeks. Participants in the walking exercise group will be given health education about DM, walking exercises and leaflets. Participants will practice walking exercises independently without supervision for 12 weeks. Participants are advised to do walking exercises with a minimum duration of 10 minutes for each session and minimum of 150 minutes/week. Two consecutive days without walking exercise are not allowed. Participants in the control groups will be treated as active control and given health education on general DM topics and leaflets. All groups received usual care according to standards provided by public health services. Researchers will compare the groups to see the effect of the interventions on foot sensitivity, stress, QoL, BMI, FBG, BP, and ABI at three different time points: at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks.