Effects of a dairy protein (whey) hydrolysate on blood sugar, metabolic rate, gut and immune function after eating.

INTERVENTION: Arm 1: Hydrolysed whey protein ( 300mL and 25g protein) Arm 2: Intact whey protein ( 300mL and 25g protein) This study is an acute cross‐over trial lasting 6 hours for each study visit. There will be 3 Study Visits in total (including the Control arm), each Study Visit is at least 2 days apart. The evening before Study Visit, participants will be required to consume a standardised meal at home between 7 ‐ 8 pm. The standardised meal may be given as either pies or mac & cheese, both are higher in fat content. Participants are not allowed to eat any other foods or beverages (except water) since 7 pm until the Study Visit on the following day. Adherence to the consumption of standardised evening meals overnight fasting will be based on self‐report prior to any clinical procedures during the Study Visit day. At each Study Visit, participants will arrive at the Human Nutrition Unit, University of Auckland in the morning, after an overnight fast. Participants will receive one of the test beverages (hydrolysed whey protein, intact whey protein, or water control) which they must consume in full within 5 ‐ 10 minutes, under the supervision of research staff. 30 minutes later, participants will receive a standardised higher carbohydrate and higher fat breakfast pastry meal which they must consume in full within 10 minutes, under the supervision of research staff. 3.5 hours after the breakfast pastry meal, participants will be presented with a pasta and tomato meat sauce lunch meal in a dining room whereby they will be advised to eat freely until comfortably full. Participants will be required to remain seated in the dining room for 30 minutes until the lunch session is complete. CONDITION: Inflammatory and Immune System ‐ Normal development and function of the immune system Metabolic and Endocrine ‐ Normal metabolism and endocrine development and function Postprandial hyperglycaemia;Diet‐induced thermogenesis;Gut barrier function;Immune function; ; Postprandial hyperglycaemia ; Diet‐induced thermogenesis ; Gut barrier function ; Immune function PRIMARY OUTCOME: Plasma glucose[Baseline, t = ‐45 and ‐15min; Post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 15 and 30 min; Post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 210 min; Post‐ingestion of lunch, t = 250 and 280 min] INCLUSION CRITERIA: • Male and female • Age between 18 and 60 years • Body mass inde X(BMI) between 18‐25 kg/m2 • Normal fasting plasma glucose (less than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L) • Otherwise Healthy, according to self‐report SECONDARY OUTCOME: Appetite assessed via Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)[Baseline, t = ‐45 and ‐15 min ; Post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 15 and 30 min ; Post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 min ; Post‐ingestion of lunch, t = 250 and 280 min] Blood pressure as assessed using a digital sphygmomanometer[Baseline, t = ‐15min ; Post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 30 min ; Post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 90, 180, and 210 min ; Post‐ingestion of lunch, t = 250 and 280 min] Energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry[Continuously baseline, t = ‐45 to ‐15min ; Continuously post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 0 to 30 min ; Continuously post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45 to 210 min] Heart rate as assessed using a wireless chest strap monitor[Continuously at baseline, t = ‐45 and ‐15min (when measuring resting energy expenditure) ; Continuously post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 0 to 30 min ; Continuously post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45 to 210 min] Plasma C‐Peptide[Baseline, t = ‐45 and ‐15min ; Post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 15 and 30 min ; Post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 210 min ; Post‐ingestion of lunch, t = 250 and 280 min] Plasma calcium[Baseline, t = ‐45 and ‐15min ; Post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 15 and 30 min ; Post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 210 min ; Post‐ingestion of lunch, t = 250 and 280 min] Plasma cytokines (exploratory outcome)[Baseline, t = ‐45 and ‐15min ; Post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 15 and 30 min ; Post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 210 min ; Post‐ingestion of lunch, t = 250 and 280 min] Plasma GIP[Baseline, t = ‐45 and ‐15min ; Post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 15 and 30 min ; Post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 210 min ; Post‐ingestion of lunch, t = 250 and 280 min] Plasma GLP‐1[Baseline, t = ‐45 and ‐15min ; Post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 15 and 30 min ; Post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 210 min ; Post‐ingestion of lunch, t = 250 and 280 min] Plasma glucagon[Baseline, t = ‐45 and ‐15min ; Post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 15 and 30 min ; Post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 210 min ; Post‐ingestion of lunch, t = 250 and 280 min] Plasma insulin[Baseline, t = ‐45 and ‐15min ; Post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 15 and 30 min ; Post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 210 min ; Post‐ingestion of lunch, t = 250 and 280 min] Serum hs‐CRP[Baseline, t = ‐45 and ‐15min ; Post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 15 and 30 min ; Post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 210 min ; Post‐ingestion of lunch, t = 250 and 280 min] Serum lipid profile[Baseline, t = ‐45 and ‐15min ; Post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 15 and 30 min ; Post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 210 min ; Post‐ingestion of lunch, t = 250 and 280 min] Serum/Plasma Lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein[Baseline, t = ‐45 and ‐15min ; Post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 15 and 30 min ; Post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 210 min ; Post‐ingestion of lunch, t = 250 and 280 min] Whole blood or plasma antioxidant status (exploratory outcome)[Baseline, t = ‐45 and ‐15min ; Post‐ingestion of whey protein, t = 15 and 30 min ; Post‐ingestion of mixed meal test, t = 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 210 min ; Post‐ingestion of lunch, t = 250 and 280 min]