Physical activity and mental health

This literature review examines the role of physical activity in the treatment of anxiety disorders and depression, with a particular focus on both neurobiological and cultural mechanisms, enabling a deeper understanding of this issue. Current research indicates that regular physical activity increases levels of neurotransmitters including serotonin and dopamine, as well as neuromodulatory molecules including endorphins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and adipomyokines such as irisin – all of which contribute to improved mood, reduced anxiety, and enhanced cognitive function. Furthermore, cultural practices such as yoga and tai chi promote mental balance and may serve as valuable adjunct therapies in the treatment of anxiety disorders and depression. This detailed literature review critically analyses how regular physical activity can not only complement traditional forms of treatment, such as pharmacology and psychotherapy, which have long been considered the gold standard in the therapy of mental disorders, but in some cases can serve as an equally valuable alternative, offering patients additional health benefits and improved quality of life. The article critically synthesises findings from studies published between 2008 and 2024, focusing mainly on the neurobiological impact of exercise on mental health, with additional perspectives on historical and cultural practices related to physical activity. The current body of evidence clearly indicates that physical activity is a particularly effective method in the treatment of mild to moderate depression, offering patients an integrative approach that supports both mental and physical well-being.