Allergic reactions to hymenopteran stings: a literature review

Insects of the order Hymenoptera such as bees, wasps, and ants can cause severe and even fatal allergic reactions. These insects have venom with allergenic components that they inject through their stingers, which can cause local and systemic reactions. This study aims to carry out a systematic literature review on allergic reactions to Hymenopteran stings, analyzing the immune mechanisms involved, clinical manifestations, risk factors, diagnostic methods, prevention strategies, and available therapeutic options. The literature review was conducted in August 2023, in a six-stage process. Articles were obtained by searching databases using Medical Subject Headings descriptors related to the topic. Initially, 50 articles were identified; however, only 10 of these met the inclusion criteria. We found that methods for detecting reactions include skin tests with Hymenopteran venoms and serum analysis for IgE specific to such venom. Risk factors that influence the outcome of anaphylactic reactions include the time interval between stings, the number of stings, the severity of the previous reaction, and the type of insect. This review provides a comprehensive overview of allergic reactions to Hymenopteran stings, contributing significantly to the understanding, diagnosis, and management of these conditions.