Hybrid mHealth for Low Back Pain

The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether adding a WhatsApp-based AI chatbot to standard physiotherapy and psychological care can improve self-management and outcomes in adults aged 18-65 with chronic low back pain (CLBP). The main questions it aims to answer are: Is it feasible and acceptable to use a WhatsApp-based AI chatbot as an adjunct to standard care in adults with CLBP? Does the addition of an AI chatbot improve pain, disability, mental health, and quality of life compared to standard care or digital self-management alone? Researchers will compare three groups: Standard care (face-to-face physiotherapy and education) with the AI chatbot, Standard care alone, AI chatbot alone. Participants will: Attend weekly sessions for 8 weeks (depending on group assignment, this may be face-to-face, digital, or both); Use a WhatsApp-based AI chatbot for personalized exercise and self-management support, gamification, and optional peer-support; Complete questionnaires and provide feedback on pain, function, mental health, and program usability at several time points; Receive onboarding and privacy safeguards for digital components.