Effects of stand-alone mindfulness practices for people with long COVID-19 symptoms: a randomized controlled trial

INTERVENTION: Intervention Group:Mindfulness class;Control group:Health Education; CONDITION: Long COVID‐19 symptoms PRIMARY OUTCOME: the self‐report COVID‐19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19‐YRS); SECONDARY OUTCOME: depression (measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9, PHQ‐9);anxiety (the General Anxiety Disorder‐7, GAD‐7);mindfulness level (the 20‐item Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, FFMQ);health service utilization ;health related quality of life (the EQ‐5D‐5L) ; INCLUSION CRITERIA: INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Aged 18 years or above, 2. With any self‐reported long COVID‐19 symptoms listed in the recent systematic review by Michelen and colleagues at least 3 months after tested positive for COVID‐19, either through self‐test or test in medical settings: (1) Systematic symptoms (fatigue, weakness, general malaise, dizziness); (2) Cardiopulmonary symptoms (breathlessness/dyspnoea, chest pain, cough, excessive sputum, others); (3) Upper respiratory symptoms (voice change, sore throat, nasal congestion, others), (4) Gastrointestinal symptoms (loss of appetite, stomach/abdominal discomfort/pain, weight loss, nausea or vomiting, diarrhoea, others); (5) Musculoskeletal symptoms (muscle pain/myalgia, joint pain/arthralgia, impaired mobility, others); (6) Neurological and neuromuscular symptoms (abnormal refle Xstatus, smell disturbance, taste disturbance, decreased sensation or sensibility, tingling/ paraesthesia, others); (7) Ne